QUANTITATIVE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF ASPIRIN AND OMEPRAZOLE BY RP-HPLC METHOD IMPLEMENTING AQbD APPROACH IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
HTML Full TextQUANTITATIVE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF ASPIRIN AND OMEPRAZOLE BY RP-HPLC METHOD IMPLEMENTING AQbD APPROACH IN PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM
Chandni Chandarana * 1 and Pankaj Kapupara 2
Department of Quality Assurance 1, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2, School of Pharmacy, RK University, Rajkot - 360020, Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT: A simple, accurate, rapid and precise reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Aspirin (ASP) and Omeprazole (OMP). By using box benchen design method have been developed and optimized. Effective chromatographic separation achieved using C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) as a stationary phase and mobile phase consisted of methanol: Disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer (68: 32 v/v), pH adjusted to 4.5 with phosphoric acid at a flow rate 1.15 mL/min at a detection wavelength of 280 nm. Analytical Quality by Design approach was applied to evaluate the effect of three factors are the volume of the organic phase in the mobile phase, pH of mobile phase and flow rate on chromatographic responses like retention time and tailing factor. The retention time of ASP and OMP were found to be 2.94 and 5.87 min respectively. Calibration curves were found to be linear over the concentration range of 10-60 µg/mL for ASP and 5-30 µg/mL for OMP. The % recovery of drugs by developed method was found in the range of 98 - 102%. The proposed method was found to be precise and robust. The method was successfully applied for the quantitative determination of ASP and OMP in the tablet dosage form.
| Keywords: |
Aspirin, Omeprazole, RP-HPLC, Analytical Quality by Design, method development, Validation
INTRODUCTION: 1-16 MI commonly known as a heart attack occurs when blood flow stops to a part of the heart causing damage to the heart muscle. Yosprala, fixed-dose combination is available containing the antiplatelet agent aspirin and the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole 1-5. According to ICH Q8 (Quality by Design), QbD is defined as A systematic approach to development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process understanding and process control, based on sound science and quality risk management 6-10.
AQbD (Analytical QbD) is a science and risk-based paradigm for analytical method development, endeavoring for understanding the predefined objectives to control the Critical Method Variables (CMVs) affecting the Critical Method Attributes (CMAs) to achieve enhanced method performance, high robustness, ruggedness and flexibility for continuous improvement 11-14.
FIG. 1: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ASPIRIN AND OMEPRAZOLE
Literature survey reveals only one analytical method reported for quantitative estimation of the aspirin and omeprazole are UV 15 and only one method was reported for reverse phase HPLC 16 in combination. To the best of our knowledge, no analytical method has been reported for the Quantitative estimation of the aspirin and omeprazole by utilizing experimental designs. So, to improve quality and to reduce cost and for an accurate result, the aim of the present study was to develop, optimize and validate RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of aspirin and omeprazole by AQBD approach.
According to ICH Q8 (Quality by Design), QbD is defined as A systematic approach to development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes product and process understanding and process control, based on sound science and quality risk management 6-10. AQbD (Analytical QbD) is a science and risk-based paradigm for analytical method development, endeavoring for understanding the predefined objectives to control the Critical Method Variables (CMVs) affecting the Critical Method Attributes (CMAs) to achieve enhanced method performance, high robustness, ruggedness and flexibility for continuous improvement 11-14.
Literature survey reveals only one analytical method reported for quantitative estimation of the aspirin and omeprazole are UV 15, and only one method was reported for reverse phase HPLC 16 in combination. To the best of our knowledge, no analytical method has been reported for the Quantitative estimation of the aspirin and omeprazole by utilizing experimental designs. So, to improve quality and to reduce cost and for an accurate result, the aim of the present study was to develop, optimize and validate RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of aspirin and omeprazole by AQBD approach.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Chemicals and Reagents: Standard sample of Aspirin was given as a gift sample from Sidmak, Valsad, India, and omeprazole were given as a gift sample from Mangalam drugs, Vapi. Methanol HPLC-grade, water HPLC-grade, and Disodium hydrogen phosphate were purchased from Rankem, RFCL Limited, New Delhi, India
Instruments:
HPLC: A LC-2010 AHT HPLC of Shimadzu corporation equipped with LC P-100 pump, a PDA detector, a high-pressure gradient mixer of 1500 μl, a loop injector of 20 μl capacity and Class-VP software was used for the analysis.
Sonicator: A digital ultrasonic cleaner (Equitron) was used for mixing.
Selection of Wavelength: Standard solutions were prepared for both drugs in methanol individually and were scanned in the wavelength range of 200-400 nm, and the overlain spectrum was obtained. From the overlain spectrum isoabsorptive point was found to be 280 nm Fig. 2.
Thus, 280 nm was selected as a detection wavelength for simultaneous determination of aspirin and omeprazole.
FIG. 2: OVERLAIN UV SPECTRA FOR ASP AND OMP
TABLE 1: VARIABLES SELECTED FOR QBD DESIGN
| Factors dependent variables | Level used | ||
| Low (-1) | Medium (1) | High (+1) | |
| X1 = % organic modifier | 40 | 60 | 80 |
| X2 = pH | 3.0 | 4.5 | 6.0 |
| X3 = flow rate (mL/min) | 0.8 | 1.15 | 1.5 |
| Dependant Variable | Y1 (retention time) | ≤ 10 | |
| Y2 (tailing factor) | ≤ 1.5 | ||
TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR METHOD OPTIMIZATION BY QBD DESIGN
| Run | Level | Factors | Responses | |||||
| X1: Organic modifier (v/v) | X2: pH
of the mobile phase |
X3: Flow rate
(ml/min) |
Y1: RT of D1
(ASP) (min) |
Y2: RT of D2
(OME) (min) |
Y3: TF of D1
(ASP) |
Y4: TF of D2
(OME) |
||
| 1 | -1, -1, 0 | 40 | 3.00 | 1.15 | 10.53 | 37.24 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| 2 | 0, -1, -1 | 60 | 3.00 | 0.80 | 5.93 | 11.65 | 1.24 | 1.00 |
| 3 | 0,-1,+1 | 60 | 3.00 | 1.50 | 6.48 | 7.22 | 0.93 | 1.17 |
| 4 | +1,+1,0 | 80 | 6.00 | 1.15 | 3.72 | 5.30 | 0.93 | 1.17 |
| 5 | -1, 0, -1 | 40 | 4.50 | 0.80 | 3.71 | 7.29 | 1.21 | 0.99 |
| 6 | 0,+1, +1 | 60 | 6.00 | 1.50 | 2.05 | 6.58 | 0.73 | 0.89 |
| 7 | -1, 0,+1 | 40 | 4.50 | 1.50 | 3.42 | 3.80 | 1.01 | 1.01 |
| 8 | +1, 0,+1 | 80 | 4.50 | 1.50 | 1.98 | 2.84 | 0.72 | 0.94 |
| 9 | +1,0,-1 | 80 | 4.50 | 0.80 | 3.72 | 5.30 | 0.71 | 0.95 |
| 10 | 0,+1,-1 | 60 | 6.00 | 0.80 | 3.85 | 12.20 | 0.73 | 0.89 |
| 11 | -1,+1,0 | 40 | 6.00 | 1.15 | 3.51 | 4.52 | 0.71 | 0.95 |
| 12 | +1,-1,0 | 80 | 3.00 | 1.15 | 2.95 | 3.80 | 0.88 | 0.99 |
| 13 | 0,0,0 | 60 | 4.50 | 1.15 | 2.93 | 8.57 | 1.11 | 0.95 |
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: By using box benchen design 13 runs were performed for aspirin and omeprazole. The dependent and independent variables of all runs are shown in Table 1. The proposed regression equations for various chromatographic responses of both regression equations for various chromatographic responses of both the drugs are given in Table 3. It was observed that the best-fitted model for both drugs was quadratic and linear model. The optimization, while a positive value represents an effect that favors optimization while a negative value indicates the inverse relationship between factors and response. In case of ASP, it is clear from the equations that the factor a (volume of organic modifier), factor B (pH of mobile phase) and factor C (flow rate) had negative effects on retention time. For tailing factor A and B shows negative and factor C shows a positive effect. In the case of OMP factor, A had a negative effect on both responses Y2 and Y4 and factor B and C had a negative effect on Y2 and had a positive effect on Y4.
The ANOVA results indicate all model terms were found to be significant for both drugs Table 2. 3D response surface plots presented For ASP OMP which are used for determination of the relationship between the response and factors. In the case of ASP, plot 3 indicates that all three factors had a negative effect on retention time. With the decrease in volume of organic phase, pH and Flow rate, the retention time increases individually. But, When two factors are changing, it produces a different effect on responses like for all three factors had positive effects, when mobile phase ratio and pH, mobile phase ratio and flow rate and pH and flow rate and mobile phase ratio increases, retention time increases. Plot 4 indicates that all two factors had a negative effect and one factor had a positive effect on tailing factor. With the decrease in the volume of the organic phase and pH increases the tailing factor. But tailing factor increases with increasing Flow rate.
In the case of OMP, plot 5 indicates that all three factors had a negative effect on retention time. With the decrease in volume of organic phase, pH and flow rate, the retention time increases individually. But when two factors are changing, it produces a different effect on responses like when mobile phase ratio and pH, mobile phase ratio and flow rate had on negative effects on retention time, and pH and flow rate had a positive effect. The plot 6 indicates that all one factor had a negative effect and two factors had a positive effect on tailing factor. Tailing factor decreases with increasing organic phase modifier but tailing factor increases with decreasing pH and Flow rate.
Software Aided Method Optimization: The final optimized conditions were determined by evaluating the effect of three factors X1 (mobile phase ratio), X2 (pH of mobile phase) and X3 (Flow rate). The desirability plot for aspirin and omeprazole was generated by the Design Expert software. The desirability factor of X1, X2 and X3 were found to be less than 1 Fig. 5. Based on retention time and tailing factor, the optimized conditions selected was mobile phase were methanol: Buffer (68: 32) at pH 4.5 and the flow rate of 1.15 ml/min Fig. 6.
TABLE 3: REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR ASPIRIN AND OMEPRAZOLE
| Drug | Regression equation |
| ASP | Y1 = 4.21 - 1.45( *A) - 1.25 (* B) - 1.10 (* C) +1.95 (*A*B) + 0.33 (*A*C) + 0.10 (*B*C) |
| Y3 = 1.44714 -3.31250E-003 * Mobile phase -0.071667* pH +3.57143E-003 * Flow rate | |
| OMP | Y2 = 8.90 – 4.51 ( *A) – 4.00 (* B) - 1.98 (* C) + 8.42 (*A*B) + 0.24 (*A*C) – 0.31 (*B*C) |
| Y4 = 1.00830 - 7.50000E-004 * Mobile phase + 0.00012* pH+0.028571 * Flow rate |
FIG. 3: 3D SURFACE PLOT OF EFFECT OF INTERACTION OF X1, X2 AND X3 ON RETENTION TIME AND TAILING FACTOR OF ASPIRIN
FIG. 4: 3D SURFACE PLOT OF EFFECT OF INTERACTION OF X1, X2 AND X3 ON RETENTION TIME AND TAILING FACTOR OF OMEPRAZOLE
Preparation of Solutions for Initial Trials:
Preparation of Standard Stock Solution: Standard stock solution containing aspirin and omeprazole were prepared by dissolving 10 mg of each drug separately in separate volumetric flasks using methanol as a solvents up to 50 ml of methanol, it was then sonicated for 10 min, and the final volume of the solution was made up to 100 ml with methanol to get stock solution containing 100 μg/ml of aspirin and omeprazole respectively.
Preparation of Working Standard Solutions: Working standard solution of ASP (40 μg/ml) was prepared by withdrawing 4 ml from standard stock solution of aspirin into 10 ml volumetric flask and the volume was made up to the mark by using methanol as a solvent to get solution containing 40 μg/ml of aspirin and working standard of OME (20 μg/ml) was prepared by withdrawing 2 ml from standard stock solution of omeprazole into 10 ml volumetric flask and the volume was made up to the mark by using methanol as a solvent to get solution containing 20 μg/ml of omeprazole.
Preparation of Sample Solution: Twenty tablets of yosprala (each tablet containing 81 mg of aspirin and 40 mg of omeprazole) were weighed; average weight was calculated and triturated. Accurately weighed tablet powder equivalent to 10 mg of yosprala was transferred to a 100 ml of volumetric flask. About 50 ml of methanol was added to the flask and sonicated for 15 min. The volume of the solution was made up to the mark to get a solution containing 100 μg/ml of test solution. The resulting solution was then filtered through a Whatman filter paper followed by a syringe filter.
Optimized Conditions: The final optimized conditions were determined by evaluating the effect of three factors X1 (mobile phase ratio) and X2 (pH) and X3 (flow rate). The desirability plot for omeprazole was generated by the Design Expert software. The desirability factor of X1 was found to be less than 1 for all three factors. Based on retention time and tailing factor, the optimized conditions selected was mobile phase were Methanol: Disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer (68: 32 v/v), pH 4.5 and flow rate 1.15 ml/min.
Method Validation: The method developed by applying the concept of QbD was validated for various parameters.
Specificity: It was found that there was no interference from the blank (mobile phase) or excipient present in a tablet which states that the developed method was specific Fig. 7, 8.
System Suitability Test: Numbers of theoretical plates (N) was found to be 2607.30 and 3710.71 for aspirin and omeprazole respectively which are greater than 2000. The tailing factor obtained was 1.04 for both the drug which was less than 2.0 Table 4.
TABLE 4: RESULTS OF SYSTEM SUITABILITY PARAMETERS
| Parameters | Mean ± SD of Aspirin | %RSD | Mean ± SD of Omeprazole | %RSD |
| Area | 127165 ± 2.6079 | 0.0002 | 529360 ± 2.6076 | 0.0004 |
| No. of theoretical plates | 2608.30 ± 37.20 | 1.4062 | 3710.71 ± 20.29 | 0.0054 |
| Tailing factor | 1.0416 ± 0.0075 | 0.7200 | 1.0416 ± 0.0054 | 0.5184 |
*n=6 (six measurements)
As per the results of system suitability tests, the proposed method was found to be suitable for carrying out analysis.
LOD and LOQ: LOD and LOQ for aspirin and omeprazole were found to be 0.014 and 0.044 for aspirin, and 0.020 and 0.062 respectively Table 5. As the proposed method could detect the drug under study up to microgram level, the method was found to be sensitive.
TABLE 5: REGRESSION ANALYSIS DATA FOR PROPOSED METHOD
| Parameters | Aspirin | Omeprazole |
| Linearity (µg/ml) | 10-70 μg/ml | 5-35 μg/ml |
| Regression coefficient (R2) | 0.998 | 0.998 |
| Y – intercept ± SD | 19.143 ± 1.21 | 48.48 ± 1.61 |
| Slope ± SD | 269.15 ± 0.577 | 256.69 ± 0.577 |
| LOD | 0.014 | 0.020 |
| LOQ | 0.044 | 0.062 |
LOD = Limit of detection, LOQ= Limit of quantification
Linearity and Range: Linearity was determined by evaluating different concentrations of standard solutions of Aspirin in the range of 10-60 μg/ml and standard solutions of omeprazole in the range of 5-30 μg/ml.
FIG. 9: OVERLAY PLOT OF ASPIRIN AND OMEPRAZOLE FOR LINEARITY STUDY
Accuracy: The % recovery was calculated by analyzing solutions prepared by adding a known amount of standard aspirin and omeprazole solution to pre-analyzed test solution. Values of % RSD at each level were less than 2.0.
The % recovery for each drug was 99.99-100.15% and 99.99-100% for aspirin and omeprazole respectively, which was found within the limit (98-102%) at each level, so the proposed method was found to be accurate Table 6.
TABLE 6: RESULT OF ACCURACY STUDIES OF ASPIRIN AND OMEPRAZOLE
| % Level | Amount present (µg/ml) | Amount recovered | % Recovery | |||
| ASP | OME | ASP | OME | ASP | OME | |
| 50 | 30 | 15 | 30.04 | 14.99 | 100.15 | 99.99 |
| 100 | 50 | 25 | 49.99 | 25 | 99.99 | 100 |
| 150 | 70 | 35 | 70.10 | 34.99 | 100.15 | 99.99 |
Precision: The precision of the method was demonstrated by intraday and interday precision studies at three concentration levels 20 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml and 60 μg/ml for aspirin and 10 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml for omeprazole respectively. The values of % RSD obtained at each level of both intraday and the interday precision study was less than 2. So, the proposed method was found to be precise Table 7.
TABLE 7: RESULT OF PRECISION STUDIES OF ASPIRIN AND OMEPRAZOLE
| Drug | Concentration | Intraday (%RSD) | Intraday
(%RSD) |
Interday
(%RSD) |
Interday
(%RSD) |
| Aspirin | 20 | 0.0027 | 0.0039 | 0.0047 | 0.0039 |
| 40 | 0.0019 | 0.0019 | 0.0019 | 0.0027 | |
| 60 | 0.0019 | 0.0017 | 0.0019 | 0.0011 | |
| Omeprazole | 10 | 0.0013 | 0.0009 | 0.0009 | 0.0009 |
| 20 | 0.0008 | 0.0008 | 0.0006 | 0.0006 | |
| 30 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 |
Robustness: In Robustness study % RSD was found to be less than 2%. In the case of the area of standard solution and % content was found to be in the range 98-102% Table 8. Hence, the developed method was robust.
TABLE 8: EVOLUTION OF ROBUSTNESS FOR DETERMINATION OF ASP AND OMP
| Parameter | Average | |||||||
| Area of aspirin | Area of Omeprazole | The retention time of aspirin | The retention time of Omeprazole | % content of aspirin | % content of Omeprazole | |||
| pH | ||||||||
| 4.49 | 127177 | 529379 | 2.91 | 5.90 | 101.1 | 99.96 | ||
| 4.50 | 127154 | 529364 | 2.94 | 5.87 | 99.98 | 99.99 | ||
| 4.51 | 127128 | 529383 | 2.98 | 5.83 | 98.35 | 100.2 | ||
| Average | 127153 | 529379 | 2.94 | 5.87 | 99.81 | 100.05 | ||
| %RSD | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.026 | 0.028 | 0.138 | 0.129 | ||
| Flow rate (ml/min) | ||||||||
| 1.13 | 127137 | 529355 | 2.92 | 5.84 | 99.93 | 99.95 | ||
| 1.15 | 127154 | 529364 | 2.94 | 5.87 | 100.2 | 100.3 | ||
| 1.17 | 127173 | 529375 | 2.96 | 5.91 | 101.3 | 99.98 | ||
| Average | 127154 | 529364 | 2.94 | 5.87 | 100.47 | 100.07 | ||
| %RSD | 0.014 | 0.001 | 0.680 | 0.598 | 0.722 | 0.139 | ||
| Wavelength | ||||||||
| 278 nm | 127167 | 529355 | 2.97 | 5.89 | 98.99 | 99.49 | ||
| 280 nm | 127155 | 529364 | 2.94 | 5.87 | 99.23 | 98.99 | ||
| 282 nm | 127145 | 529374 | 2.96 | 5.85 | 99.89 | 99.52 | ||
| Average | 127155 | 529364 | 2.95 | 5.87 | 99.37 | 99.34 | ||
| %RSD | 0.008 | 0.001 | 0.517 | 0.340 | 0.519 | 0.299 | ||
Assay: The content of aspirin and omeprazole in tablet were found to be 99.58% ± 0.00 and 100.04% ± 0.00 respectively Table 9. The value of assay obtained for yosprala was within limits (98.00% to 102.00%).
TABLE 9: RESULT OF ANALYSIS OF ASPIRIN AND OMEPRAZOLE IN TABLET FORMULATION
| Amount took (µg/mL) | Amount obtained (µg/mL) | Assay (%w/w) | |||
| Aspirin | Omeprazole | Aspirin | Omeprazole | Aspirin | Omeprazole |
| 40 ppm | 20 ppm | 39.93 | 20.02 | 99.58 | 100.04 |
CONCLUSION: The method was developed and optimized by applying AQbD approach for simultaneous determination of ASP and OMP. The run time is 8 min for proposed method so rapid determination of analytes is carried out within which the two drugs are well resolved. The AQbD method applied to reduce trails so less time consuming and accurate method was optimized and validation parameters were performed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: I would acknowledge to sidmak and mangalam drugs for providing the API of aspirin and omeprazole respectively as a gift sample.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil
REFERENCES:
- Mehta P, Wei J and Wenger N: Ischemic heart disease in women, a focus on risk factors. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine 2014; 25(2): 140-51.
- Brady W, Brooks S, Diercks D and Egan J: acute coronary syndromes: 2010 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care 2010; 122(18): 787-17.
- Coventry L and Finn J: Sex differences in symptom presentation in acute myocardial infarction, a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart & lung: the Journal of Critical Care 2011; 40(6): 477-91.
- Valensi P, Lorgis L and Cottin Y: Prevalence, incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of silent myocardial infarction, a review of the literature. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 104(3): 178-88.
- Nicki R, Colledge R and Walker R: Davidson's principles and practice of medicine 2010: 588-99.
- Nadpara NP, Thumar RV, Kalola VN and Patel PB: Quality by Design (QBD) A complete review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research 2011; 17(2): 20-28.
- Patil AS and Pethe AM: Quality by Design (QbD): A new concept for the development of quality pharmaceuticals. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance 2013; 4(2): 13-19.
- Roy S: Quality by design: A holistic concept of building quality in pharmaceuticals: International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research 2012; 3(2): 100-08.
- Bhutani H, Kurmi M, Singh S, Beg S and Singh B: Quality by Design (QbD) in Analytical Sciences: An Overview: Pharma Times 2014; 46(8): 71-75.
- Bajaj M and Nanda S: Analytical Quality by Design (AQBD), New paradigm for analytical method development. International Journal of Development Research 2015; 5(2): 3589-99.
- Garud SS, Derle DV and Derle ND: A role of models in Quality by Design (QbD) paradigm- A review. International J of Biopharmaceutics 2013; 4(3): 180-89.
- Jain S: Quality by Design: A comprehensive understanding of implementation and challenges in pharmaceuticals development. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016; 6(1): 29-35.
- Shah AD and Patel CN: Implementation of QbD approach to the RP-HPLC method development and validation of roflumilast in bulk and tablet dosage form: An application in degradation study. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 2014: 3(6): 2281-07.
- ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. Stability Testing of New Drug Substances and Products Q1a (R2). Int. Conference on Harmonisation. Geneva: Switzerland 2003: 1-24.
- Patta S, Sultana S and Tappa S: simultaneous estimation of aspirin and Omeprazole in bulk by UV-spectroscopy. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics 2017; 7(3): 87-91.
- Rvani MS: analytical method development and validation for the determination of omeprazole and aspirin using reverse phase HPLC method in bulk and dosage form. Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2017; 2(4): 25-29.
How to cite this article:
Chandarana C and Kapupara P: Quantitative simultaneous estimation of aspirin and omeprazole by RP-HPLC method implementing AQbD approach in pharmaceutical dosage form. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019; 10(8): 3777-84. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(8).3777-84.
All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
31
3777-3784
754
879
English
IJPSR
C. Chandarana * and P. Kapupara
Department of Quality Assurance, School of Pharmacy, RK University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India.
chandnichandarana7343@gmail.com
14 November 2018
13 February 2019
28 February 2019
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.10(8).3777-84
01 August 2019
Download