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SCREENING OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: A REVIEW

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SCREENING OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENT NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES: A REVIEW

Vikas S. Shende * 1, 2 and Jagdish L. Kakadiya 1

Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research 1, Parul University, Vadodara - 391110, Gujarat, India.

Satara College of Pharmacy 2, Satara - 415004, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease occur as a result of the neurodegeneration process. No specific treatment was found to reduce or stop neurodegenerative diseases. In conventional medicine, many plants have been used to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Natural products play an important role in the prevention and treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, as well as neuronal dysfunction. Different studies suggest that natural products, such as polyphenolic and plant-separated alkaloids, may delay neurodegeneration and improve memory and cognitive function. Ethnopharmacological studies have provided data to identify potential new drugs in plant sources. Recently many drugs found in medicines have been isolated from plants or their origin, including anticholinesterase (Anti-ChE) isolated plant alkaloids that have been investigated in terms of their potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of plants and soluble components of plants are used to improve inflammation, anxiety, seizures, and more. Medicinal plants have beneficial properties due to the presence of complex chemical compounds to treat toxins in the nervous system. This review article explored the use of medicinal plants to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords:

Medicinal Plants, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease

INTRODUCTION: Neurodegeneration is the progressive loss of the neuron structure or functions in the brain. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system which include the brain and spinal cord. Neurons normally don't replicate or restore themselves, so when they become injured or die they cannot be replaced by the body. Many neurodegenerative diseases are caused by a genetic mutation, protein misfolding, protein degradation pathway, membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction.

Neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease (HD) occurs as a result of neurodegeneration process 1, 2. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been hypothesized to be a protein misfolding disease caused by an accumulation of abnormally folded A-beta and tau proteins in the brain characterized by loss of neurons and synapses in involving the basal forebrain cholinergic system, amygdala, hippo-campus, and several cortical areas.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease develops differently for every individual. The most common symptoms are difficulty in remembering recent events, known as short-term memory loss. As the disease advances symptoms can include confusion, irritability, aggression, mood swings trouble with language and long term memory loss progressively bodily functions are lost finally leading to death. Most of the autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease can be attributed to mutations in one of three genes those encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) presenilins 3. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects approximately 5.4 million people in the United States, with its prevalence expected to increase dramatically over the next 20 years.

Currently, about 34 million people worldwide have Alzheimer's disease, and lifestyle factors that are modifiable in principles, such as physical inactivity and obesity are associated with a heightened risk for Alzheimer's disease. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, and there are no accessible treatments that stop or reverse the succession of the disease 4. Accessible treatments offer relatively small symptomatic advantage but remain palliative in nature. Donepezil, Calantamine, Tacrine, Rivastigmine, Memantine, Piracetam. etc., are some drugs available for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Some medicinal plants also available for it, having neuroprotective activity 5. Huntington’s disease (HD) is a rare inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting caused by a single mutation in the gene those codes for the protein Huntington. HD is primarily characterized by selective neuronal loss, primarily in the cortex and striatum, cognitive abnormality, psychiatric deterioration, and loss of medium spiny neurons. Nrf2 is the redox-sensitive transcription factor necessary for the synthesis of glutathione a natural antioxidant that play an imperative role in HD. BDNF also plays a significant role in the survival and activity of the neurons that die in Huntington‟s disease 6.

The incidence of HD is much higher in European populations than in East Asia. Presently, the Maracaibo region of Venezuela has the uppermost reported worldwide prevalence at 700 cases per 100,000 people. There is no cure for Huntington’s disease but different symptomatic drugs are available for it. Hence enormous progress has been made in laboratories throughout the world. There are diverse drugs that may become treatments that can relieve some symptoms and, in some, improve the quality of life in Huntington’s disease. Novel advancement also takes place as the use of genetically altered stem cells. Different models are available for Huntington‟s disease like excitotoxic models, genetic models, metabolic models 7, 8.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the clinical feature are resting tremor, bradykinesia, righty and postural instability caused by early prominent death of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and widespread occurrence of alpha-synuclein (aSyn), an intracellular protein. PD is also related to non-motor symptoms, which may lead to motor symptoms by more than a decade. These non-motor symptoms become difficult symptoms in the later stages of PD 9. The incidence and prevalence of PD increase with advancing age, with a prevalence of 160/ 100000 in Europe rising to 4% of the population over 80. Currently, the mainstay of PD management is pharmacological therapy; however, these symptomatic therapies have the most important limitations in advanced disease. Numerous disabling features increase later in the course of the disease, including non-motor symptoms, dopamine resistant motor symptoms, and motor complications of long-term dopamine therapy. Although there have been significant advances in the medical and surgical treatment for PD, ultimate disease-modifying therapy is lacking. However, researchers are optimistic that they will be able to identify the potential targets for disease modification 10, 11.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset fatal devastating neurodegenerative disease that results in progressive obliteration of neurons of the spinal cord and motor neurons of the cortical brain leading to fatal paralysis. Patients typically die from respiratory failure within 3 years of symptom onset. The incidence of ALS in Europe is 2–3 cases per 100,000 individuals in the general population, and the generally lifetime risk of developing the disease is 1:400. ALS is familial in 5% of cases and shows a Mendelian pattern of inheritance 12. ALS is recognized to overlap with front temporal dementia. Multiple cell types and mechanisms are likely involved in ALS pathogenesis, which makes the progress of conventional drug therapies difficult. The cause of ALS is not yet elucidated; however, mutations in genes SOD1, C9orf72, TDP-43, FUS/TLS, angiogenin, and others have been associated with ALS. Riluzole remains the only efficient drug and extends the average survival of patients by 3–6 months. Optimal treatment is based on symptom organization and protection of the quality of life, provided in a multidisciplinary setting. The discovery of further successful disease-modifying therapies remains a critical need for patients with this devastating condition 13.

FIG. 1: DIFFERENT FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE

There is no drug to cure neurodegenerative diseases, but in Ayurveda, there are such remedies that slow down the disease. Ayurveda system is one of the world's oldest medical systems. It originates in India more than 3000 years ago and remains one of the country's traditional health care systems. Its concepts about health and disease are to promote the use of herbal compounds, to eliminate the root cause of the disease by restoring balance and also prevent the recurrence of the imbalance 14. Herbal medicine has existed world with the long recorded history and they were used in ancient Chinese, Greek, Egyptian and Indian medicine for various therapies purposes. The world health organization (WHO) estimated that 80% of the world's population still uses herbal medicines for their health care. In Ayurveda, single or multiple herbs are used for the treatment. The Ayurveda literature „Sarangdhar Samhita‟ dominates the concept of polyherbalism to achieve greater therapeutic efficacy. According to Ayurveda, neuro-degenerative disease is an imbalance of Vata Pitta and Kapha 15.It was found that herbal medicinal drugs have great importance for the treatment of various diseases. It was also found that out of total medicinal drugs, 50% are natural in origin also, according to Ayurveda, there is great importance to natural drugs 16.In the present review study, it was aimed to highlight the following information of different plants are useful in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like AD, PD, HD and ALS.

TABLE 1: LIST OF MEDICINAL PLANT USE IN TREATMENT OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES

S. no. Plant Name Family Part Used Use in neurodegenerative diseases Ref.
1 Acanthopanax senticosus Harms Araliaceae Leaves PD, AD 17, 18
2 Acorus Calamus Acoraceae Dried Rhizome AD, PD 19,20
3 Aframomumn melegueta K. Schum Zingiberaceae Seed AD 21
4 Allium sativum Amaryllidaceae Rhizome PD 22
5 Alpinia Officinarum Zingiberaceae Rhizome AD 22
6 Alpinia galangal Zingiberaceae Rhizomes AD 24
7 Angelica sinensis Umbelliferae Root AD, PD 25, 26, 27
8 Artemisia vulgaris Asteraceae Leaves AD 28
9 Bacopa Floribunda wetts. Scrophuliaceae Aerial parts AD 29, 30, 31
10 Bacopa Monnieri Plantaginaceae Aerial parts HD, PD AD 32, 33, 34
11 Bergenia ciliata Saxifragaceae Rhizome AD 35, 36
12 Calendula Officinalis Asteraceae flower HD, AD 37,38
13 Camellia sinensis Kuntze Theaceae Leaves HD, AD, PD 39, 40
14 Carica papaya Linn Caricaceae Leaves and root AD 41
15 Cassia obtusifolia Fabaceae Seed PD, AD 42, 43
16 Cassica occidentalis Fabaceae Seed HD, AD 44, 45
17 Celastrus Paniculatus Celastraceae Seed Oil HD, AD 46, 47
18 Centella Asiatica Appiaceae Aerial Parts AD, HD 48, 49
19 Chaenomeles speciosa Rosaceae Fruit juice PD, AD 50, 51
20 Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat Asteraceae Flower PD 52
21 Citrus sinensis Rutaceae Fruit PD, AD 53
22 Cocos nucifera Linn Arecaceae Fiber AD 54, 55
23 Coffee Arabica L. Rubiaceae Seeds AD, PD 56, 57, 58
24 Cola acuminata Sterculiaceae seeds AD 59, 60
25 Convolvulus pluricaulis Convolvulaceae Root AD, HD 61, 62
26 Crataegus pinnatifida Rosaceae Fruits AD, PD 63, 64
27 Crocus Sativus Iridaceae Dried stigma and Part of the style AD, PD 65, 66
28 Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae Rhizome AD, PD 67, 68, 69
29 Dalbergia Sissoo Fabaceae Leaves HD, AD 70, 71
30 Detarium Microcarpum Guill Caesalpiniaceae Fruits AD 72, 73
31 Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Arecaceae Fruits AD 74
32 Elettaria cardamomum Zingiberaceae Dried seeds, Oil AD 75
33 Evolvulus Alsinoideslin Convolvulaceae Whole  plant AD 76, 77
34 Ficus capensis Thunb Moraceae Leaves AD 78,79
35 Ficus religiosa Linn Moraceae Leaves HD, PD, AD 80, 81, 82
36 Galanthus nivalis Amaryllidaceae Crude drug AD 83
37 Garcinia kola Heckel Clusiaceae Seed HD, AD, PD 84, 85, 86
38 Gastrodia elata blume Orchidaceae Root AD, PD 87, 88
39 Ginkgo Biloba Ginkgoaceae Leaves AD, PD 89, 90
40 Huperzia serrata Lycopodiaceae moss AD, PD 91, 92
41 Hypericum perforatum Clusiaceae Root AD, PD 93, 94
42 Ilex paraguariensis Aquifoliaceae Leaves AD, PD 95, 96, 97
43 Indigo naturalis Apiaceae Plant based powder AD 98
44 Lavandula angustifolia Lamiaceae Aerial part, Oil PD, AD 99, 100
45 Lawsonia inermis Linn. Lythraceae Leaves AD 101
46 Lipidium Meyenii Walp. Brassicaceae Dried Hypocotyls AD, PD 102, 103
47 Luehea Divaricata Mart. Malvaceae Leaves HD, AD 104, 105
48 Lycium Barbarum Solanaceae Berries AD, PD 106, 107
49 Lycopersicon esculentum Solanaceae fruits PD, AD 108, 109
50 Lycoris chejuensis Amaryllidacea Whole plant AD 110
51 Lycoris longituba Linn. Amaryllidaceae Whole plant AD 111
52 Magnolia Officinalis Rehd Magnoliaceae Bark AD, PD 112, 113, 114
53 Melissa officinalis  Lamiaceae Aerial part PD, AD 115, 116
54 Monordica Charantia Cucurbitaceae Fruits HD, PD, AD 117,118,119
55 Morinda Citrifolia Rubiaceae Fruits HD, AD 120,121
1.       56 Morus alba Moraceae Whole Plant PD, AD 122,123
57 Mucuna pruriens Fabaceae Seeds PD, AD 124, 125
58 Musa Sapientum linn. Musaceae Stem AD 126, 127
59 Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Seed kernel AD 128
60 Narcissus confuses Amaryllidacea Crude drug AD 129
61 Nardostachys jatamansi Valerianaceae Whole plant AD, PD 130, 131
62 Nicotiana tabaccum Solanaceae Leaves AD, PD 132, 133
63 Nigella sativa Ranunculaceae Seed Oil PD, AD 134, 135, 136
64 Panax ginseng Araliaceae Roots AD, HD, PD 137, 138, 139, 140
65 Petroselinum crispum Umbelliferae Leaves, root, stem AD 141, 142
66 Physostigma vennosam Balf Leguminosae Beans AD 143
67  Picralima nitida Staff Apocynaceae Fruits and seeds AD 144
68 Piper betel Linn Piperaceae Leaf AD, 145
69 Piper methysticum frost Piperaceae Whole plant AD, PD 146, 147, 148
70 Plumbago scandens Plumbaginaceae Whole plant PD 149
71 Polygala tenuifolia wild Polygalaceae Rhizome AD, PD 150, 151
72 Polygonum cuspidatum Polygonaceae Roots PD, AD 152, 153
73 Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae Seed PD, AD 154, 155
74 Prunus dulcis Rosaceae Nuts PD, AD 156, 157
75 Psoralea corylifolia Fabaceae Fruits HD, AD 158,159
76 Pueraria thomsonii Fabaceae Roots PD, AD 160, 161
77 Puwraria tuberose Roxb. Fabaceae Tubers AD 162
78 Quassia undulata Simaroubaceae Leaves AD 163
79 Rhizoma acori tatarinowii Araceae Leaf AD, PD 164, 165
80 Rice Bran Poaceae Oil HD, PD, AD 166, 167, 168
81 Ricinus communis Kinn. Euphorbiaceae Beans AD 169
82 Rosa Canina Rosaceae Berries AD 170, 171
83 Rosmarinus officinalis Lamiaceae Leaves AD, PD 172, 173, 174
84 Rubus Idaeus Rosaceae Berries AD 175,176
85 Saffron crocus Iridaceae Stigmas AD, PD 177, 178
86 Salvia Officinalis Lamiaceae Leaves AD 179
87 Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge Lamiaceae Rhizome AD, PD 180, 181
88 Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Schisandraceae Fruit AD, PD 182, 183
89 Scoparia dulcis L Scrophulariaceae Leaves AD 184, 185
90 Scutellaria baicalensis  Georgi Lamiaceae Roots AD, PD 186, 187
91 Senecio  abyssinicus Asteraceae Aerial parts AD 188
92 Sesame indicum Pedaliaceae Seeds PD 189, 190
93 Silybum Marianum Asteraceae Seeds AD, PD 191,192
94 Solanum incanum L Solanaceae Leaves, Fruits AD 193
95 Solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae Fruits ME, AD 193
96 Spondias mombin L Anacardiaceae Leaves AD 194
97 Terminalia chebula linn Combretaceae Rhizome AD 119
98 Tetrapleura Tetraptera Mimosaceae Fruits AD 195
99 Thuja orientalis Cupressaceae Fruits PD, AD 196, 197
100 Tinospora Cordifolia Menispermaceae Whole  plant AD, PD 198, 199
101 Trifolium pretense Leguminosae Flower heads PD, AD 200, 201
102 Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F Celastraceae Whole plant PD, AD 202, 203
103 Uncaria rhynchophylla Rubiaceae Whole plant PD, AD 204, 205
104 Uncaria tomentosa Willd Rubiaceae Aerial parts PD, AD 206
105 Uraria Picta (Jacq.) Leguminosae, Stem AD 207
106 Vanilla planifolia Orchidaceae Seed AD, PD, HD 208
107 Vicia faba Fabaceae Seed PD 209, 210, 211
108 Vinca minor Apocynaceae Aerial part AD 212
109 Vitis Vinifera Vitaceae Fruit AD, PD 213, 214
110 Vitis vinifera Linn. Vitaceae Seed AD 215
111 Withania Somnifera Solanaceae Roots HD, PD 216, 217,
112 Zingibar Officinale Roscoe Zingiberaceae Rhizomes AD, HD, PD 218, 219, 220,

Note: - AD – Alzheimer’s disease, PD - Parkinson’s disease, HD- Huntington‟s disease

CONCLUSION: Neurodegenerative diseases appear to share several common multifactorial degenerative processes that contribute to neuronal death, leading to functional impairments in the fields of AD, PD, HD, and ALS. No treatment is available to slow or stop neurodegenerative diseases like AD, PD, HD, and ALS. The Food and Drug Administration has approved five drugs that temporarily improve symptoms. The effectiveness of these drugs varies crossways the population. None of the treatments available today alters the underlying path of this terminal disease. Plant-derived bioactive compounds, also of directly being developed as drugs. Natural products will continue to be enormously significant as sources of medicinal agents. Thus natural products have emerged as promising hope in the drug discovery programs in neurodegenerative diseases. In the future, more emphasis should be given to finding new targets for neurodegenerative disease therapies. Targets for new neurodegenerative diseases therapies to be emphasized include preventing building up of amyloid plaques, preventing building up of paired helical segments and preventing brain cell dysfunction and death. In this paper, we reviewed various medicinal plants which show the use of neurodegenerative diseases treatment were collected from the different investigations and were reported above as we can say these medicinal plants are responsible for treating neurodegenerative diseases like AD, PD, HD, and ALS under several investigators studied.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Nil

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    Shende VS and Kakadiya JL: Screening of medicinal plants used for prevention and treatment neurodegenerative diseases: a review. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2021; 12(8): 4073-85. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(8).4073-85.

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IJPSR

V. S. Shende * and J. L. Kakadiya

Satara College of Pharmacy, Satara, Maharashtra, India.

vikas_shende2003@yahoo.co.in

01 June 2020

07 January 2021

19 May 2021

10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(8).4073-85

01 August 2021

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