SCREENING OF PHYTOCHEMICALS, GC-MS BASED PHYTOCONSTITUENTS PROFILING AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICIENCY OF LEAVES EXTRACTS OF ANISOMELES MALABARICA

SCREENING OF PHYTOCHEMICALS, GC-MS BASED PHYTOCONSTITUENTS PROFILING AND ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICIENCY OF LEAVES EXTRACTS OF ANISOMELES MALABARICA

K. A. Supriya ^* and Lali Growther

Department of Microbiology, Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore - 641004, Tamil Nadu, India.

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to determine the phytochemical components of the leaf extracts of A. malabarica, antimicrobial, antioxidant activities and GC-MS analysis. The leaves extracts have folklore and traditional applications in India. The polar and non-polar solvents extracts such as methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane and water were used for various phytochemical analysis proved the existence of flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, 3terpenoids, tannins and alkaloids. Similarly, five different extracts of A. malabarica were tested for the antibacterial activities against five human pathogens. The present results revealed that, the different solvent extracts showed maximum zone of inhibition against all the tested strains. The plant extract was highly effective against E. coli and E. aerogenes. In addition, the extracts noted promising GC-MS analysis showed the presence of bioactive phytochemicals.

Phytochemicals, Anisomeles, Antibacterial, GC-MS, Plant extracts

INTRODUCTION: Plants are a rich source of therapeutic compounds that have tremendous applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Since ancient times, ethnobotanical knowledge subsists in India, and people use herbs as a source of medicines, especially for primary healthcare. The country has about 45,000 plant species, and many of them have been studied for their medicinal properties ¹. The role of the World Health Organization (WHO) is to encourage, promote and facilitate effective herbal medicine for primary use in developing countries for different health programs.

Different biological activities like anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, sedative and anxiolytic effects of the plant extracts may be due to presence of the active compounds. According to World Health Organization (WHO), medicinal plants which are using mainly for the preparation of different herbal medicines are curing diseases of an estimated 1.5 billion (currently about 3.5 billion, i.e. 88%) of the world population ². The mechanism of action and efficiency of herbal extracts in most cases are yet to be scientifically validated. Therefore, significant work has been carried out by researchers to focus their attention towards traditional medicines for the development of outstanding drugs used against different varieties of microbial infections. Phytochemicals are more promising than synthetic chemicals due to their generation from living organisms, potential biological actions and innate stereo-chemistry allowing their binding to protein pockets ³.

The present study is designed to investigate the secondary metabolites of A. malabarica and characterization of compounds using GC-MS analysis to explore the presence of phyto-constituents which could be helpful to treat many diseases and disorders.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection of Plant Material: Fresh, young and apparently healthy leaves of Anisomeles malabarica were collected from Maruthuvazhmalai hills, Nagercoil, Agastheeswaram taluk, Kanyakumari Dist, Tamil Nadu, India.

FIG. 1: LEAVES OF ANISOMELES MALABARICA

Preparation of Plant Extracts: The leaves of A. malabarica were washed repeatedly with running tap water and distilled water to remove the dust and shade dried at room temperature (26±2 ºC) for 10-15 days. The dried leaves were coarsely powdered using pulverizer. The leaf powder of 100g was taken in Soxhlet apparatus with different solvents such as hexane, Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and water. Then the extracts were concentrated using rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and the residues were dissolved in DMSO 1mg/ml concentration and stored in amber colored glass vials at 4 ºC for further use. The extraction process was repeated thrice and total yield of extracts were recorded and tabulated.

Yield (%) = Weight of the residue obtained / Weight of the plant material taken

Multiple Screening of Phytochemicals: Qualitative and quantitative screening for the presence of active phytochemicals in leaf extracts was carried out using Harborne et al., 1984, Trease and Evans, 1996 ^{4, 5}.

Antibacterial Activity: Antibacterial activity of bioactive compound was determined using agar well-diffusion method. The most common human pathogenic bacteria were obtained from IMTECH, Chandigarh. The bacterial cultures Acinetobacter baumannii (MTCC 9824), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 98), E. coli (MTCC 40), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC39) and Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96) were maintained in Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) slants and used prior to assay. Overnight broth cultures of respective bacterial cultures were adjusted to turbidity equivalent to 0.5 McFarland standard (0.2 mL culture of organisms were dispensed into 20 mL sterile nutrient broth and incubated for 24 hours and standardized at 10⁵-10⁷ CFU/ml adjusting the optical density to 0.1 at 600 nm). 0.1 mL of active growth culture was poured over feeder layer and spread evenly using sterile spreader. The 6 mm diameter well was made using a sterile cork borer. Each well received different concentrations (control, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) of extracts. Appropriate control (methanol), standard antibiotic was maintained and the plates were incubated at 37 ºC for 48 hours. After incubation, the inhibition zone was measured ⁶.

Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Analysis: GC–MS analysis was carried out by GC SHIMADZU QP 2010 system at KFRI, Peechi, Thrissur. Gas chromatography coupled with Mass spectrometer (GC–MS) equipped with elite one fused silica capillary column (30.0 m: length, diameter: 0.25 mm, film thickness: 0.25 mm is composed of 100% dimethyl poly siloxane) was used. Electron ionization energy of 70 eV helium gas (99.9%) was used as carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1.51 mL/min and an injection volume was employed (split ratio: 20). The injector and ion source temperature was maintained at 200 °C. The oven temperature was programmed from 70 °C (isothermal for 2 min), with an increase to 300 °C for 10 min. Mass spectra were recorded at 70 eV; at a scan interval of 0.5 seconds with scan range from 40–1000 m/z. Total GC running time was 35 minutes. The percentage of each component was calculated by comparing its average peak area to the total area (GC–MS solution ver. 2.53).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Plant Authentication: The plant was identified and botanically authenticated by the BSI, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The voucher specimen number is BSI/SRC/5/23/2020/ Tech/20.

Percentage Yield of Different Solvent Extracts: Exploration for new active pharmacological compounds for drug development is an important issue, but not the only one, as the trend towards using standardized plant extracts of high quality, safety and efficacy will continue. Whole plant powder of A. malabarica (100 g) was successively extracted with different solvents such as hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous (500 mL) and yield of the extracts from plants were recorded. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 40°C, which yielded thick colloidal extracts, after which it was stored at 4°C for further biological assays.

The maximum yield was obtained in methanol (5.02%), followed by ethyl acetate (3.19%) and aqueous (3.05%). The yield was only 2.09% and 1.35% in chloroform and hexane, respectively. The colour of extracts ranged from light green to light brown and the consistency was between powder and that of a paste Table 1.

TABLE 1: YIELD OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS ANISOMELES MALABARICA

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis: The quailitative phytochemical analysis of 5 different extracts of A. malabarica revealed the presence of active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, coumarin, flavonoid, glycosides, phenols, quinones, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and triterpenoids to a greater extent in the polar solvents. Among this, methanolic extract of A. malabarica found to have maximum phyto-chemicals than the other plant extracts and over other plants Table 2.

TABLE 2: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS OF A. MALABARICA

+ive indicate the Presents and –ive indicates the Absence

Presence of various bioactive compounds could justify using plants against different ailments by traditional practitioners. Many polyphenolic compounds were reported from the family of Meliaceae. Phytochemicals from A. indica possess various biological properties i.e. antibacterial especially against drug resistant bacteria ^{7, 8}. The phenolic groups in the extract may inhibit the growth of bacteria through the formation of protein-phenolic groups between hydroxyl groups and cell membrane of protein, which disrupts the cell membrane and cause death of bacteria ⁹.

Quantitative Phytochemical Analysis: Quantitative phytochemical analysis of three different extracts of A. malabarica such as hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extract was carried out using standard methods. The results revealed that maximum quantity of phytochemicals found to be in methanolic extract i.e. terpenoids 20.3 mg/g, flavonoids 16.3 mg/g, phenols (13.1 mg/g), alkaloids (10.8 mg/g), tannins (10.1 mg/g), quinones 9.54 mg/g and anthraquinones 9.15 mg/g of crude extract, followed by ethylacetate terpenoids 11.98 mg/g, flavonoids 19.10 mg/g, phenols 11.0 mg/g, alkaloids 7.09 mg/g, tannins 7.53 mg/g, quinones 5.81 mg/g and anthraquinones 4.77 mg/g and the less quantity observed in hexane extract Table 3. The alkaloids are also effective in their antimicrobial. These compounds have shown anti-microbial activities against bacteria and fungi via copious mechanisms, e.g. interrupting microbial membranes, weakening cellular mechanisms, controlling biofilm formation, inhibiting bacterial capsule production, and reducing microbial toxin production (All these phytochemicals might be responsible for many biological activity including antioxidant and anticancer activities ^{10, 11} Table 3.

TABLE 3: QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF A. MALABARICA

Flavonoids and phenolic acids, the largest classes of plant phenolics, are biosynthetically derived from the acetate as well as the shikimate pathway from phenylalanine or tyrosine. Phytochemicals from these classes were found to have excellent anti-oxidant activity in both in-vitro and in-vivo investigations ¹². Saponins have a soapy characteristic and characterized as glycosides, which could facilitate the absorption of food and medicine. Tannins have been reported to prevent the development of bacteria by precipitating microbial protein and making the bacteria could not able to use the nutritional protein for their growth. Tannins also could disturb the extracellular microbial enzymes and oxidative phosphorylation which in turn initiate iron deprivation, the most important material for bacterial growth. Flavonoid from plant extract may inhibit the cytoplasmic membrane function and energy metabolism of bacteria ^{13, 14}. Similarly, Terpenoids have been found to be useful in the prevention and therapy of several diseases, including cancer. Terpenoids are also known to possess antimicrobial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral, anti-allergenic, antispasmodic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory properties ¹⁵.

GC-MS Analysis of A. malabarica: Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy was performed to analyze and identify the volatile and non-volatile nature of phytochemicals present in the three different extracts such as chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Among this, methanolic extract possessed more than 24, in that 8 phyto-constituents are considered as major and remaining 16 are considered as minor based on the percentage of peak area. Tridecyl acrylate (31.90), Tetratetracontane (10.90), Phytol, acetate (10.34), Hexadecane (5.39), Phytol (5.33), Heptadecane (4.36%), Nonadecane (4.07) and ethyl palmitate (3.95%). Similarly, ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 7 major and 12 minor phyto-constituents such as Tridecyl acrylate (24.42), 1-Dodecanol (11.41), Phytol, acetate (13.21), n-Decylpropanoate (7.47), Perhydrofarnesyl acetone (6.14) and (E)-phytol (5.03%). Whereas, in chloroform extract 4 major and 10 minor phyto-constituents were found such as Hentriacontane (45.29), 2-methyloctacosane (12.35), Tetratetra-contane (8.31) and Cholesteryl ethyl ether (7.08). From the results, it was clear that, totally, 57more different phyto-constituents were present in the A. malabarica.

All of them were aliphatic and aromatic compound; the mass spectra of the phyto-constituents were matched with those found in the NIST/NBS spectral database Fig. 2 – Fig. 7, Table 4-Table 9.

FIG. 2: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PROFILE OF CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

TABLE 4: PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IDENTIFIED IN ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

FIG. 3: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PROFILE OF CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

TABLE 5: PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IDENTIFIED IN CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

FIG. 4: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PROFILE OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

TABLE 6: PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IDENTIFIED IN METHANOL EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

FIG. 5: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PROFILE OF PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

TABLE 7: PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IDENTIFIED IN PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

FIG. 6: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PROFILE OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

TABLE 8: PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IDENTIFIED IN ETHANOL EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

FIG. 7: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY PROFILE OF HEXANE EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

TABLE 9: PHYTOCONSTITUENTS IDENTIFIED IN HEXANE EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA

The GC-MS analysis of different extracts of A. malabarica lead to the identification of 97 phytoconstituents. These compounds were identified through mass spectrometry attached with GC. The mass spectrometer analyzes the compounds eluted at different times to identify the nature and structure of the compounds. Five different extracts possess unique physicochemical characteristics which may be attributed to the compounds naturally present in significant quantities in the leaves of A. malabarica. Phytol was proven to exhibit antioxidant and antinociceptive effects ^{16, 17}. Phytol, precursor of synthetic vitamin E and vitamin K, was found to be cytotoxic against breast cancer cell lines (MCF7). In addition, squalene possessed antioxidant, chemopreventive, antitumor and hypocholestero-lemic activities ¹⁸.

Antibacterial Activity: Evaluation of antibacterial activity of 5 different extracts of A. malabarica was carried out using well diffusion method. Methanolic extract responded as well against Gram negative bacteria (8-21 mm) when compare to Gram-positive (7-19). The best antibacterial activity was obtained against A. baumannii (21 mm), followed by E. coli (20mm) S. typhi (19 mm) and B. subtilis (17 mm) S. aureus (16 mm), whereas K. pneumonia showed least activity than the other tested pathogens (14 mm), respectively.

The standard antibiotic Gentamicin showed superior zone of inhibition against all pathogens whereas, control didn’t show any zone of inhibition Table 10.

TABLE 10: ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA ON HUMAN PATHOGENS

(Values are Mean ± Standard Error; (n=3)) * p Value

FIG. 8: ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF A. MALABARICA ON DIFFERENT HUMAN

A recent study by ¹⁹ reported that, methanol extract exhibited a higher degree of antibacterial activity as compared to aqueous, acetone and petroleum ether extracts against gram negative bacteria C. albicans and P. aeruginosa and C. dactylon pronounced best antibacterial activity against gram negative pathogens. Earlier report of Packialakshmi and Nilofer Nisha stated that, antibacterial activity of A. malabarica exhibited higher inhibition against gram negative organisms at 180 µg/ml ^{20, 21}. Similarly, the present study evident that, the superlative antibacterial activity in methanol extract of A. malabarica on A. baumannii 21 mm, E. coli 20mm and against S. typhi 19 mm at lower concentration of 100 µg/ml. The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the combinations of secondary products present in the plant Fig. 8.

CONCLUSION: Anisomeles malabarica is an important traditional medicinal plant, which possess rich source of phytocompounds. The results of the present study revealed that, methanol extract of A. malabarica possess many compounds than the other four different solvent extracts, among all the tested pathogens, methanolic extract illustrated the robust antibacterial activities against A. baumannii, E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains and it could be used as powerful antimicrobial agents to prevent many diseases in the near future. Further, extensive research is required to identify and explore bioactive compounds from this plant and the present study extended to check their antioxidative and other biological properties.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are thankful to the Principal and Management of Hindusthan College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore for providing the laboratory facilities to carry out this research work.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: None

REFERENCES:

1. Bedi YS, Singh, Bikarma, Sultan, Sultan P, Qazi, Parvaiz, Gairola and Sumeet: Ethnobotany, Traditional Knowledge, and Diversity of Wild Edible Plants and Fungi: A Case Study in the Bandipora District of Kashmir Himalaya, India. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 2016, 22(13): 32.
2. Gibellini L, Pinti M, Nasi M, De Biasi S, Roat E, Bertoncelli L and Cossarizza A: Interfering with ROS metabolism in cancer cells: the potential role of quercetin. Cancers 2010; 2: 1288-1311.
3. Harvey A, Edrada-Ebel R and Quinn RJ: The re emergence of natural products for drug discovery in the genomics era. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 2015; 14: 111-29.
4. Harborne JB: Phytochemical methods. London chapman and Hall ltd., 1984; 49-188.
5. Trease GE and Evans WC: Pharmacognosy. Alden Press, Oxford. 213-32.
6. Supriya KA and Growther L: In-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of different extracts of Diospyros melanoxylon Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2019; 10(4): 1820-27.
7. Preethi R., Devanathan VV and Loganathan M: Antimicrobial and antioxidant efficacy of some medicinal plants against food borne pathogens. Adv Bio Res 2010; 4(2): 122-25.
8. Ilango K, Chitra V, Kanimozhi P and Balaji G: Antidiabetic, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of leaf extracts of Adhatoda zeylanica. Medic (Acanthaceae). J Pharm Sci Res 2019; 2: 67-73.
9. Mangunwardoyo, Wibowo, Deasywaty and Usia T: Anti-micro-bacterial and identification of active compound Curcuma xanthorrhiza Int. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 2012, 202(12): 68-78.
10. Erdemoglu N, Ozkan S, Duran A and Tosun F: GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of alkaloid extract from Genista vuralii, Pharmaceutical Biology 2009; 47(1): 81-85.
11. Srikacha N and Ratananikom K: Antibacterial activity of plant extracts in different solvents against pathogenic bacteria: An in vitro experiment. J Acute Dis 2020; 9: 223-6.
12. Dewick PM: A Biosynthetic Approach: Third Edition. Medicinal Natural Products 2009; 1(539).
13. Banso AJ: Medicinal Plants Res 2019; 3(2): 82-85.
14. Kumar S and Pandey AK: Chemistry and Biological Activities of Flavonoids: An Overview. The Scientific World Journal 2013; 16.
15. Rabi T and Bishayee A: Terpenoids and breast cancer chemoprevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 115(2): 223-39.
16. Santos CC, Salvadori MS, Mota VG, de Almeida DD and de Oliveira GA: Antinociceptive and antioxidant activities of phytol in-vivo and in-vitro models Neurosci J 2013; 949452.
17. Pejin B, Savic A, Sokovic M, Glamoclija J, Ciric A and Nikolic M: Further in-vitro evaluation of antiradical and antimicrobial activities of phytol. Nat Prod Res 2014; 28(6): 372-76.
18. Growther L: Anticancer activity of Annona muricata leaf extracts and screening for bioactive phytochemicals, International Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences 2018; 8(1): 475-81.
19. Sharma I, Rangra A and Tripathi A: Comparative analysis of antimicrobial, antioxidant and phytochemicals from the folk medicinal plants of Dharampur, Solan. Ann Pharmacol Pharm 2019; 4(1): 1164.
20. Packialakshmi N and Nisha HMN: Bioautography screening of Anisomeles malabarica leaves and boiled leaves. The Pharma Innovation Journal 2014; 3(6): 77-80.
21. Marasini B, Baral P, Aryal P, Kashi R. Ghimire, Neupane S, Dahal N, Singh A, Ghimire L and Shrestha K: Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some traditionally used medicinal plants against human pathogenic bacteria. BioMed Research International 2015; 265425: 6.
22. Inayatullah S, Prenzler PD, Obied HK, Rehman AU and Mirza B: Bio-prospecting traditional Pakistani medicinal plants for potent antioxidants. Food Chem 2012; 132: 222-29.
23. Khan R, Islam B and Akram M: Antimicrobial activity of five herbal extracts against multi drug resistant (MDR) strains of bacteria and fungus of clinical origin. Molecules 2019; 14: 586-97.
24. Casciaro B, Calcaterra A, Cappiello F, Mori M, Loffredo MR, Ghirga F, Mangoni ML, Botta B and Quaglio D: Nigritanine as a new potential antimicrobial alkaloid for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus-induced infections. Toxins 2019; 11: 511.
25. Growther L and Sukirtha K: Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial properties of Psidium guajava leaves and bark extracts. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2018; 4(3): 318-23.
26. Saini RK, Sivanesan I and Keum YS: Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: a review of their nutritional, therapeutic and industrial significance. Biotech 2016; 6(2): 203.
27. Shitan M: Secondary metabolites in plants: transport and self-tolerance mechanisms. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80(7): 1283-93.
28. Alomari AA, Fadlelmula AA and Harzali H: Phytochemical Study and Antimicrobial Activity of Two Medicinal Plants from Al-Baha Region. Orient J Chem 2019; 35(6).
29. Irawan C, Foliatini, Hanafi, Sulistiawaty L and Sukiman M: Volatile compound analysis using GC-MS, phyto-chemical screening and antioxidant activities of the Husk of “Julang-Jaling” (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen) From Lampung, Indonesia. Pharmacog J 2018; 10(1): 92-8.
30. Socrates SH and Mohan SC: Phytochemical analysis of flower extracts of different Cassia species by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Int J Biol Chem 2019; 13: 1-11.
31. Sasikala P, Ganesan S, Jayaseelan T, Azhagumadhavan S, Padma M, Senthilkumar S and Mani P: Phytochemicals and GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds present in ethanolic leaves extract of Taraxacum officinale (L). Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 2019; 9(1): 90-94.
32. Saranya R, Ali MS and Anuradha V: Phytochemical, fluorescence screening and GC-MS analysis of various crude extracts of Anastatica hierochuntica. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci 2018; 7(1): 44-56.
33. Mishra D and Patnaik S: GC-MS Analyses ofphyto-chemicals and antibacterial Activity of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal extract in the context of treatment to liver cirrhosis. Biomed Pharmacol J 2020; 13(1).
34. Bereksi MS, Hassaïne H, Bekhechi C and Abdelouahid DE: Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants extracts commonly used in algerian traditional medicine against some pathogenic bacteria. Pharmacog J 2018; 10(3): 507-12.
35. Sadia S, Tariq A, Shaheen S, Malik K, Khan F, Ahmad M, Qureshi H and Nayyar BG: Ethnopharmacological profile of antiarthritic plants of Asia-A systematic review. Journal of Herbal Medicine 2018; 3(5): 71-78.
36. Uddin MJ and Reza ASMA: Antinociceptive and anxiolytic and sedative effects of methanol extract of Anisomeles indica. Frontiers Pharmacology 2020; 1(4): 312-19.
37. Loizzoa MR, Sicarib V, Pellicanòb T, Xiaoc J, Poianab M and Tundisa R: Comparative analysis of chemical composition, antioxidant and anti- proliferative activities of Italian Vitis vinifera by-products for a sustainable agro-industry. Food and Chemical Toxicology J 2019; 127-34.
38. Daniela PS, Jorge A, Marta ARS, Cascante and Silvia: Marin synthesis and antiproliferative activity of novel heterocyclic glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives. Article of Molecules 2019: 21-29.
39. Lin D, Yan Z, Chen A, Ye J, Hu A, Liu J, Peng J and Wu X: Anti-proliferative activity and structure-activity relationship of honokiol derivatives. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2019; 27: 3729-34.
40. Szappanose A, Attilamandi, Gulacsi K, Erikalisztes and Istvantoth B: Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 6-naphthylpterocarpans. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry 2020: 62-67.
    

    ---

    How to cite this article:

    Supriya KA and Growther L: Screening of phytochemicals, GC-MS based phytoconstituents profiling and antibacterial efficiency of leaves extracts of Anisomeles malabarica. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2021; 12(5): 2902-12. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.12(5).2902-12.

    ---

    All © 2013 are reserved by the International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

    ---