SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND SPECTROFLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF OXCARBAZEPINE IN PURE FORM AND PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC AND SPECTROFLUORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF OXCARBAZEPINE IN PURE FORM AND PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION

Khalid A. Attia, Mohammed W. Nassar, Hamed H. Abou-Seada, Ahmad A. Mohamad and Ragab A. Said^*

Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.

ABSTRACT: Simple and sensitive spectrophotometric Method (A) and spectrofluorimetric Method (B) were described for the analysis of oxcarbazepine. The proposed methods were based on the oxidation of the drug with cerium (IV) ion in acidic medium with subsequent measurement of either the decrease in absorbance at 321 nm or the fluorescence intensity of the produced cerous (III) ion at 363 nm emission after excitation at 256 nm. All variables that affect the decrease in absorbance or the fluorescence intensity such as the concentration of cerium (IV), reaction time and temperature, and the diluting solvent were studied and optimized. Beer’s low was obeyed in the range of 0.25 - 2.5 µg ml^-1 and 80 - 720 ng ml^-1. LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.01 and 0.241 µg ml^-1 and 17.8 and 59.33 ng ml^-1 for the method (A) and method (B), respectively. These methods were validated and successfully applied to the determination of oxcarbazepine tablets with an average percent recovery ± RSD% of 100.32 ± 0.283 and 100.03 ± 0.601 for the method (A) and method (B), respectively. The obtained results were statistically compared with those of the reported method by applying t-test and F-test at 95% confidence level, and no significant difference was observed regarding accuracy and precision.

Oxcarbazepine, Spectrofluorimetric, Spectrophotometric, Pure form, Pharmaceutical Preparation

INTRODUCTION: Oxcarbazepine Fig. 1 is 10, 11-Dihydro-10-oxo-5H-dibenzo [b, f] azepine-5-carboxamide, which is flake crystals from ethanol with m.p. 215-216 ºC and reported to have an antiepileptic activity ¹. Literature survey shows that several spectrophotometric ^2-13, capillary zone electrophoresis ¹⁴ and chromatographic ^{15- 27} methods for determination of oxcarbazepine in pure form, pharmaceutical preparation and biological fluids have been reported.

Cerium (IV) ion was widely used for the analysis of many pharmaceutical compounds by spectro-photometric, spectrofluorimetric methods or both of them ^28-29 were also reported.

C₁₅H₁₂N₂O₂ MWt. = 252.3

FIG. 1: STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF OXCARBAZEPINE

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

Apparatus: Shimadzu UV- Visible 1650 Spectrophotometer, (Japan). Jasco FP-6200 Spectrofluorometer (Japan), equipped with 150 Watt Xenon lamp, holographic grating excitation and emission monochromators for all measure-ments. Slit widths for both mono-chromators were set at 10 nm. A 1 cm quartz cell was used. Hot plate (Torrey Pines Scientific, USA).

Materials and Reagents: All chemicals and reagents used throughout the work were of analytical grade.

Oxcarbazepine (99.8%) was kindly supplied by Mash Premiere for Pharmaceutical industry Company, Cairo, Egypt.

Trileptal tablets: The product of Novartis Company, Cairo, Egypt. It is labeled to contain 300 mg of oxcarbazepine per tablet (Batch no. T0960).

Water used throughout the procedures was freshly double distilled.

Methanol and ethanol all of HPLC grades [Sigma, Germany].

Acetic acid (El-Nasr Pharmaceutical Company, Abu-Zaabal, Egypt).

Ceric ammonium sulphate ( BDH Chemicals Ltd Poole, England), (0.1%, 2.64 × 10^-5 and 2.38 × 10^-5 M)) was prepared by dissolving 0.1 gm in 100 ml of 5% H₂SO₄ and kept in the refrigerator and dissolving 0.0015 gm in 100 ml of 5% H₂SO₄ and kept in the refrigerator.

Sulphuric acid (Merck, Germany) 5% aqueous solution.

Standard Solution: Stock solution of oxcarbazepine (0.1 mg ml^-1) was prepared by dissolving 10 mg powder in the least amount of acetic acid, then completing the volume to 100 ml with water. The standard working solutions (0.01 mg ml^-1) and (0.001 mg ml^-1) were prepared by dilution of the stock solution with water.

Procedure:

Construction of the Calibration Curve (General Procedure):

Method (A): Into a series of 20 ml test tubes, aliquots of standard drug solution (0.01 mg ml^-1) containing (0.0025 - 0.025 mg) of oxcarbazepine was introduced followed by the addition of 3 ml of 0.1% Ce (IV). The tubes were mixed well and heated in a boiling water bath for 45 min. Then cooled, transferred quantitatively into a series of 10 ml volumetric flasks and diluted to volume with 5 % H₂SO₄. Then decrease in absorbance was measured at 321 nm using the experiment a blank then plotted against the final concentration in µg ml^-1 to get the calibration graph.

Method (B): Into a series of 20 ml test tubes, aliquots of standard drug solution (0.001 mg ml^-1) containing (0.8-7.2 µg) of oxcarbazepine was introduced. Apply the same procedure as mentioned under method (A), but the relative fluorescence intensity was monitored at λ_em 363 nm after λ_ex 256 nm against the reagent blank treated similarly and plotted against the final concentration in ng ml^-1 to get the calibration graph.

Analysis of Pharmaceutical Preparation: An accurately weighed quantity of the well-mixed powdered Trileptal 300 mg tablets equivalent to 10 mg of oxcarbazepine was shaken with least amount of acetic acid then diluted with water and filtered into 100 ml volumetric flask, then the volume was adjusted to the mark with water. The obtained solution of oxcarbazepine (0.1 mgml^-1) proceeded as described under “General Procedure”, adopting the methods (A) and (B). Determine the nominal content of the tablets either from the calibration curves or using the corresponding regression equations.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Cerium (IV) ammonium sulfate being strong oxidizing agent was used for the determination of organic compounds. The proposed methods are based on oxidation of the selected drug with excess cerium (IV) ammonium sulphate in acidic medium and subsequent measurement of either the decrease in reagent absorbance at 321 nm, Fig. 2 or the fluorescence intensity of the produced cerous (III) ion at λ_em 363 nm after λ_ex 256 nm, Fig. 3.

Optimization of Experimental Conditions:

Effect of Ce (IV) Volume: The general procedure was repeated using a definite concentration of the drug (1.5 µg ml^-1 for method A and 0.48 µg ml^-1 for method B) and different volumes of 0.1% Ce (IV) [Fig. 4a & b] revealed that 3 and 2 ml of 0.1% Ce (IV) in the presence of 5% H₂SO₄ were optimum for the reaction, respectively.

Effect of Temperature and Heating Time: The general procedure was repeated using a definite concentration of the drug (1.5 µg ml^-1 for method A and 0.48 µg ml^-1 for method B) for optimizing the heating time by heating the reaction mixture in a boiling water bath at different time intervals (10 - 60 min). [Fig. 5a & b] declared that a heating temperature at 100 ºC (Boiling water bath) for 45 min was sufficient to give complete oxidation of the drug.

Effect of Diluting Solvents: The general procedure was repeated using a definite concentration of the drug (1.5 µg ml^-1 for method A and 0.48 µg ml^-1 for method B) and different diluting solvents as 5% H₂SO₄, methanol, water and ethanol. [Fig. 6a & b] shows that dilution with 5% H₂SO₄ was optimum to give complete oxidation of the drug.

Determination of Stoichiometry of the Reaction: To ascertain the stoichiometry of the reaction, continuous variation (Job’s) method ³⁰ has been adopted. The results proved that the drug/reagent ratio was found to be 1:2, as shown in [Fig. 7a & b].

Validation of the Method:

Linearity: Under the described experimental conditions, the calibration graphs for the methods (A & B) were constructed by plotting absorbance difference and fluorescence intensity versus concentration in µg ml^-1 and μg ml^-1, respectively. The regression plots were found to be linear over the range of 0.25 - 2.5 µg ml^-1 and 80 - 720 μg ml¹. The linear regression equations for the graphs are:

ΔA₃₂₁    =    0.416 C     +     0.004    (r= 0.9997)

FI₃₆₃      =    0.996 C     -      41.24    (r = 0.9998)

Where ΔA is the absorbance difference at 321 nm, and FI is the fluorescence intensity, C is the drug concentration in μg ml^-1 and ng ml^-1 respectively, and r is the correlation coefficient.

Linearity ranges, regression equations, intercepts, slopes, and correlation coefficients for the calibration data were presented in Table 1.

TABLE 1: SPECTRAL DATA FOR DETERMINATION OF OXCARBAZEPINE BY THE PROPOSED METHODS

* y= a + bx where y is the absorbance difference, and fluorescence intensity and x is the concentration

Sensitivity: The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) were calculated according to ICH Q₂ Recommendation²⁰ from the following equations:

LOD = 3.3 S_a  / slope

LOQ = 10 S_a / slope

Where S_a is the standard deviation of the intercept of the regression line.

LOD was found to be 0.01 µgml^-1 and 17.8 ng ml^-1, while LOQ was found to be 0.241µg ml^-1 and 59.33 ng ml^-1 for methods (A & B), respectively.

The small values of LOD and LOQ indicate good sensitivity.

Accuracy and Precision: Three replicate determinations of three different concentrations of oxcarbazepine in the pure form within linearity range were performed on the same day (intra-day) and three successive days (inter-day). Accuracy as recovery percent (R%) and precision as percentage relative standard deviation (RSD%) was calculated, and results are listed in Table 2. The small values of RSD% indicate the high precision of the method. Moreover, good R% confirms excellent accuracy.

TABLE 2: INTRADAY AND INTERDAYS ACCURACY AND PRECISION FOR THE DETERMINATION OF OXCARBAZEPINE BY THE PROPOSED METHODS

Pharmaceutical Applications: The proposed method was applied to the determination of the studied drug in its tablet preparation. The results were validated by comparison to a previously reported method ⁶. No significant difference was found by applying t-test and F-test at 95% confidence level, indicating good accuracy and precision of the proposed method for the analysis of the studied drug in its pharmaceutical dosage form Table 3.

TABLE 3: DETERMINATION OF OXCARBAZEPINE IN TRILEPTAL TABLETS (300 MG) BY THE PROPOSED AND REPORTED METHODS

* No. of experimental. ** The values in the parenthesis are tabulated values of t and F at (p= 0.05).

CONCLUSION: The proposed method is simple, rapid, and inexpensive. So, it is a good alternative to the other few reported methods and the high-cost HPLC methods.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors thank Mash Premiere for Pharmaceutical industry Company, Cairo, Egypt for providing pure oxcarbazepine to develop these methods of analysis and also thanks are due to our college at pharmaceutical analytical chemistry department at faculty of Pharmacy Al-Azhar University for their continuous prayers to complete this work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Nil

REFERENCES:

1. The Merck Index: Published by Merck and CO. INC., Rahway, USA, 14^th 2006.
2. Murali CK, Venkata RSV, Malleswara RNV and Rambabu C: Spectrophotometric determination of oxcarbazepine by condensation reactions using 2-chlorophenylhydrazone and anthranilic acid. Journal of Pharm Res 2011; 4 (10): 3317-19
3. Basavaiah K, Rajendraprasad N, Cijo MX, Vinay KB and Ramesh PJ: Development and validation of stability indicating spectrophotometric methods for determination of oxcarbazepine in pharmaceuticals. J Sci Ind Res 2011; 70: 346-51.
4. Paula CRE, Renata BO and Gerson AP: Oxcarbazepine: validation and application of an analytical method. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 2010; 46(2): 265-72.
5. Nagaraju R, Kanakapura B and Kanakapura BV: Volumetric and spectrophotometric determination of oxcarbazepine in tablets. Acta Chim Slov 2011; 58: 621-28.
6. Nagaraju R, Kanakapura B and Kanakapura BV: Titrimetric and spectrophotometric assay of oxcarbazepine in pharmaceuticals using n-bromosuccinimide and bromopyrogallol red. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2011: 1-8.
7. Hemavathi ND and Hosakere DR: Development and validation of indirect visible spectrophotometric methods for oxcarbazepine in pure and the tablet dosage form. Arab J Chem 2011: 7-17.
8. Sathish MA and Nagendrappa G: Spectrophotometric determination of oxcarbazepine in pharmaceutical formulations. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 2010; 2(3): 93-98.
9. Prameela RA and Hema V: Novel spectrophotometric estimation of oxcarbazepine using the mixed hydrotropic technique. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science 2012; 4(1): 179-82.
10. Muruganathan G and Thengungal KR: Use of Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent and 3-methyl- 2-benzothiazolinone hydrazine hydrochloride in the determination of oxcarbazepine in pharmaceuticals. Acta Pharm 2008; 58: 111-18.
11. Ramaa CS, Chothe PP, Naik AA and Kadam VJ: Spectrophotometric method for the estimation of Oxcarbazepine in tablets. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 2006; 68(2): 265-66.
12. Suganya S, Bright A and Renuga DTS: Studies on linearity and assay using RP-HPLC and UV-Visible spectroscopy for the drugs oxcarbazepine and pioglitazone before and after the expiry period. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research 2012; 3 (6): 1731- 34.
13. Arti M and Ghosh SK: Development and validation of UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for the estimation of oxcarbazepine in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 2013; 2 (4): 9-12.
14. Beata P and Katarzyna W: Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method for determination of oxcarbazepine and zonisamide in pharmaceuticals. Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research 2008; 2(2): 157-59.
15. Mandrioli R, Ghedini N, Albani F, Kenndler E and Raggi MA: Liquid chromatographic determination of oxcarbazepine and its metabolites in plasma of epileptic patients after solid-phase extraction. Journal of Chromatography B 2003; 783: 253-63.
16. Manuela C, Monica B, Erica C, Carmina C, Fiorenzo A, Roberto R and Agostino B: Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine monohydroxy derivative and felbamate in plasma of patients with epilepsy. Journal of Chromatography B 2005; 828 (1-2): 113-17.
17. Pathare DB, Jadhav AS and Shingare MS: A validated stability indicating LC method for oxcarbazepine. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2007; 43(5): 1825-30.
18. Levert H, Odou P and Robert H: LC determination of oxcarbazepine and its active metabolite in human serum. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2002; 28 (3-4): 517-25.
19. Rao KS, Belorkar N and Rao M: Development and validation of a stability-indicating liquid chromatographic method for the quantitative determination of oxcarbazepine in tablet dosage forms Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis 2009; 1 (3): 270-77.
20. Vermeij TA and Edelbroek PM: Robust isocratic high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of seven antiepileptic drugs including lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine and zonisamide in serum after solid-phase extraction. Journal of Chromatographia B Analyst. Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 857(1): 40-46.
21. Kimiskidis V, Spanakis M, Niopas I, Kazis D, Gabrieli C, Kanaze FI and Divanoglou D: Development and validation of a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of oxcarbazepine and its main metabolites in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and its application to pharmacokinetic study Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2007; 43(2): 763-68.
22. Kashiful H and Nitesh K: Development and validation of LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of oxcarbazepine and its metabolite 10-hydroxycarbazepine in K2EDTA plasma. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2014; 6(2): 422-29.
23. Ana F, Joana S, Gilberto A, Amílcar F, and Patrício SS: Development and validation of an HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous quantification of carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine acetate and their main metabolites in human plasma. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2010; 397(4): 1605-15.
24. Kim KB, Seo KA, Kim SE, Bae SK, Kim DH and Shin JG: Simple and accurate quantitative analysis of ten antiepileptic drugs in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2011; 56(4): 771-77.
25. Collins JA and Janis GC: Analysis of selected anticonvulsants by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 902: 201-09.
26. Lionetto L, Casolla B, Cavallari M, Tisei P, Buttinelli C and Simmaco M: High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and their main metabolites in human serum. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 2012; 34(1): 53-58.
27. Bhatt M, Shah S and Shivprakash: Rapid ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of oxcarbazepine and its metabolite in human plasma. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25(7): 751-59.
28. Hossein T and Yahya H: Spectrofluorometric determination of Paracetamol in pharmaceutical formulations. Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2011; 1(2): 684-89.
29. Jasmin SM, Rasul J, Inayatullah and Sultan S: Sensitive spectrofluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods for determination of sparfloxacin in pharmaceuticals. J Mex Chem Soc 2012; 56(2): 109-14.
30. Rose J: Advanced physico-chemical experiments. Pitmam London 1964.
    

    ---

    How to cite this article:

    Attia KA, Nassar MW, Abou-Seada HH, Mohamad AA and Said RA: Spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric determination of oxcarbazepine in pure form and pharmaceutical preparation. Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2014; 5(9): 3627-32. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(9).3627-32.

    ---

    All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

    ---