STUDY OF BUCKWHEAT (FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM) SEED POWDER AS A TABLET BINDER
HTML Full TextSTUDY OF BUCKWHEAT (FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM) SEED POWDER AS A TABLET BINDER
P. Singh * 1, J. Tayade 1, V. Shinde 1, A. F. Ansari 2, A. Lamkhede 2 and V. Sonawane 2
Department of Pharmaceutics 1, Alard College of Pharmacy, Pune - 411028, Maharashtra, India.
AISSMS College of Pharmacy 2, Pune - 411001, Maharashtra India.
ABSTRACT: Buckwheat has been a major food source in Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Bhutan etc. for its nutritional values. It has been a major functional food supplement for nutraceutical industry. It is the first time exploration of buckwheat seed powder as tablet binder. The aim the study was to expand the area off tablet binders from gums and extracted polysaccharides to whole seed powders so as to reduce processing cost involved with other synthetic binders and involvement of whole seed benefits to single dosage form. In the present study buckwheat seed powder was used in the concentrations of 1%, 2%, 4%, 6% and it was compared with binding capacity of 2.5% acacia in tablet formulation as direct compressible agent. Valsartan was used as a model drug. It was found out that 2% w/w concentration of Buckwheat seed powder performed well and all the parameters were in good range. It was concluded that buckwheat seed powder can be a good direct compressible agent for tablet formulation.
Keywords: |
Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, Tablets, Valsartan, Natural binder, Dissolution comparison
INTRODUCTION: Binders are the agents used to impart mechanical strength to the tablets they help to insure intactness of the tablets after compression 1. The polymers obtained from the natural sources are more efficacious and safe. They are easily available in natural regions around the world therefore they are preferred over synthetic polymers 2. Natural polymers like gums and mucilages such as Tragacanth, karaya, acacia, Tamarind seed polysaccharide etc. are also used as binding agents and provide advantages such as inertness, bio-compatibility, low cost and easy availability 3.
Direct compression involves mixing of Drug with excipients and direct application of compaction to form tablets, direct compression has several advantages such as stability of formulation, cost effectiveness, faster dissolution and minimum microbial growth due to dry processing of ingredients 4. Buckwheat is a member of the Polygonaceae family, which includes common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum).
Buckwheat originated from China belongs to dicotyledonous Polygonaceae foliage. It is also planted in the other areas of Asia, Europe and some mountainous areas of America. There are more than 10 species distributed in all over the world 5. To the best of our knowledge, modern pharmacological studies revealed that the Fagopyrum species possessed versatile bio-activities, including anti-tumour, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, hepato-protective, hypo-glycaemic, anti-allergic, anti-fatigue activities, etc. Several types of bioactive phenolics including flavonoids, condensed tannins, and phenyl-propanoids and phenol derivatives were isolated from those buckwheat species. Flavonoids in Fagopyrum buckwheats exhibited remarkable antioxidant and cardio-cerebral vascular protective effects hence they were considered important dietary supplements 6. It has been reported that buckwheat seed powder solution shows non Newtonian flow and it can be used as biodegradable polymer in various dosage forms 7.
The present study has been done to evaluate use of whole seed powder of Buckwheat as natural tablet binder during direct compression of tablets and its comparison with acacia which is already an established tablet binder.
MATERIALS: Valsartan was obtained as gift sample from Emcure Pvt. Ltd., Pune. Buckwheat seed were procured from NutriBuck, Pune. All the other chemicals used were of analytical grade and obtained from New Neeta chemicals, Pune.
METHODS: Note: All the values obtained were taken thrice and their mean ± SD is given in data.
Preparation of Seed Powder: Buckwheat seeds were collected and hulls were removed, the un-hulled seeds were crushed using a grinder, and the uncrushed seeds were removed by sieving through sieve #85 to get fine uniform powder.
Melting Point of Buckwheat Seed Powder: The gum powder was transferred into a capillary tube and the melting point was determined using the melting point apparatus 7.
pH of 2% w/v Solution of Buckwheat Seed Powder: The pH of 2% w/v aqueous mucilage of Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat) seed powder was determined using a pre-calibrated pH meter 7.
Viscosity of 2% w/v Solution of Buckwheat Seed Powder: The viscosity of 2% w/v solution of buckwheat seed powder was determined using Brookfield viscometer.
Moisture Content Determination using Loss on Drying Method: 1.5 g of the powder was weighed and kept into porcelain dish and dried at 105 °C. Weighing was done at every 15 minute interval until weight of dried sample does not differ by more than 0.5 mg 8.
Compatibility Study: The seed powder and the drug were mixed in 1:1 mixture and subjected to FTIR analysis using potassium bromide pellet method. The scanning range was within 4000 cm-1 and 400 cm-1. 9
Formula for Tablets: While preparing the batches tablets Table 1 using acacia as binder in 2.5% w/w concentration and batch F1 to F4 represent tablets containing buckwheat seed powder from 1% w/w to 6% w/w respectively. In the Table 1, 100% represents 200 mg tablet for each batch.
TABLE 1: FORMULA FOR TABLETS
Ingredients | F0 (%) | F1 (%) | F2 (%) | F3 (%) | F4 (%) |
Valsartan | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Lactose | 61.5 | 63 | 62 | 60 | 58 |
Acacia | 2.5 | - | - | - | - |
Seed powder | - | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
Sodium Starch Glycolate | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
Talc | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Magnesium stearate | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Total (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Evaluation of Precompression parameters of Powder: The flow properties of the tablet mixture were assessed using various parameters such as Bulk and tap density, Housner ratio, Carr’s index and angle of repose 10, 11.
Compression of Tablets: The tablets were compressed using Rimek mini-press, a 12 stations tablet punching machine with 8mm concave punch. The target weight of tablet was 200 mg in which 40mg is the weight of Valsartan.
Study Post-Compression Evaluations: Various tablet characterization parameters were studied such as Thickness and Diameter, Disintegration test, hardness test, friability test, weight variation and content uniformity test 12, 13.
In vitro Release Studies: In vitro release studies were done by using dissolution test apparatus (Veego, India). 900 ml of phosphate buffer was used as medium and test was run for 45 minutes. The sample volume taken was 5 ml and it was scanned using UV-spectrophotometer. The tablet should release not less than 70% at the end of test14.
Dissolution Profile Comparison using f1 and f2 Factor: Values for f1 and f2 were calculated using eq. (1) and (2), respectively. The f2 factor measures the closeness between two profiles, and f1 measures the difference between two profiles:
Where R and T are the percentages of drug dissolved at each time point for the reference and test products, respectively. f1 value greater than 15 indicates significant dissimilarity, and an f2 value greater than 50 indicates significant similarities 15.
Statistical Evaluation of Drug Release Profile: The drug release data obtained from F0 and F2 formulations were compared for significance difference by using unpaired t test at 95% confidence level. The t test was performed using Graph pad Prism 7.0 software.
Release Kinetics Study: In order to examine the release mechanism of drug sample from the prepared tablets of the optimized formulation, the results of the dissolution study was examined in accordance to the kinetic models such as zero-order, first order, Higuchi equation, Korsemeyer–Pappas equation and Hixson–Crowell equation. Graphs were made using Microsoft Office excel 2010.
TABLE 2: RELEASE KINETICS EQUATION
S. no. | Model | Equation |
1 | Zero-order | Qt = Q0 + K0t |
2 | First-order | In Qt= In Q0 – K1t |
3 | Higuchi | Qt= kH t1/2 |
4 | Hixson–Crowell | W01/3 – Wt1/3 = Ks t |
5 | Korsemeyer-Pappas | Ct/C∞= ktn |
Where;
Qt: amount of drug released in time; Q0: initial amount of drug in the tablet; k0, k1, kH, Ks: release rate constants; n: release exponent (indicative of drug release mechanism); m: accumulated fraction of the drug; b: shape parameter. a: scale parameter;
Ti: location parameter; Ct/C∞= fraction of drug released in time t.
A plot of the log (drug released) vs. log (time) yields slope n (diffusion exponent) having value-
- n = 0.5 indicating pure fickian diffusion.
- n = 0.5 - 1 or n = 0.45 - 0.89 indicating anomalous non- fickian diffusion e. the rates of solvent penetration and drug release are in the same range. This deviation is due to increased drug diffusivity from the matrix by the solvent induced relaxation of the polymers.
- n = 0.89 or n = 1 indicates zero-order release which can be achieved when drug diffusion is rapid compared to the constant rate of solvent-induced relaxation and swelling in the polymer 16, 17.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The seeds were crushed and fine powder was obtained using sieve #85. The powder showed charring at 285 °C ±5 °C, indicating that there are carbohydrates present in the powder sample 18. pH of the powder sample was found to be 6.5 ± 0.22 indicating that the seed powder is weakly acidic in nature. Viscosity of the 2% w/v seed powder was found to be 4.40 ± 0.12 cp at 100 RPM. The powder contained 4.22 ± 2.33% of moisture, when calculated using loss on drying method.
Fig. 1 show the FTIR spectra obtained from the drug and Fig. 2 show the FTIR spectra of drug and polymer mixture, From the FTIR spectra of drug and the drug and polymer mixture it is visible that the high intensity peaks of drug 2964.59, 2873.94, 1726.29, 1467.83, 1409.96 and 1273.02 are clearly visible in both the graphs. Presence of these peaks shows that the physical mixture of polymer has no effect on the drug; hence the seed powder is compatible excipient with the drug 9.
The Precompression evaluations of batches have been given in table 3, where it is evident that all batches show good flow properties. The Carr’s index was found to be from 20.27 to 24.10 which is within the limit of fairly passable criteria, the flow can be increased by using lubricants; The Hausner ratio was found to be from 1.10 to 1.30, which indicates that the formulation will need glidant to improve flow; the angle of repose was found to be from 27.82° to 33.61°, which indicates passable flow. When the percentage compressibility is below 15% the powders have excellent flow properties while cohesive powders have percentage compressibility above 25% indicating poor flow properties Powders with Hausner ratio below 1.25 have good flow properties and powders with angle of repose below 40º but preferably below 30º exhibit good flow, while powders with 50º would flow with difficulty 19.
FIG. 1: FTIR SPECTRA OF PURE DRUG
FIG. 2: FTIR SPECTRA OF DRUG AND SEED POWDER MIXTURE
TABLE 3: PRE - COMPRESSION EVALUATIONS
Batch no. | Bulk density (gm/ml) | Tap density (gm/ml) | Carr’s index | Hausner ratio | Angle of repose (Ѳ) |
F0 | 0.375±0.005 | 0.526±0.020 | 20.27±0.01 | 1.10±0.03 | 27.820±0.44 |
F1 | 0.420±0.020 | 0.527±0.012 | 22.50±0.06 | 1.20±0.01 | 33.610±0.28 |
F2 | 0.417±0.002 | 0.550±0.013 | 24.10±0.09 | 1.21±0.05 | 28.210±0.65 |
F3 | 0.414±0.005 | 0.542±0.065 | 23.61±0.05 | 1.30±0.06 | 30.670±0.42 |
F4 | 0.339±0.009 | 0.428±0.058 | 20.79±0.03 | 1.26±0.06 | 29.320±0.36 |
TABLE 4: POST - COMPRESSION EVALUATIONS
Batch | Appearance | Hardness (kg/cm2) | Friability (%) | Weight variation (mg) | Disintegration time (seconds) | Content uniformity (%) | |
Thickness (mm) | Diameter (mm) | ||||||
F0 | 3.59±0.07 | 8.05±0.01 | 4.4±0.4 | 0.77±0.4 | 205.77±4.5 | 80±17.32 | 99.61±0.51 |
F1 | 3.99±0.41 | 8.17±0.11 | 3.73±0.70 | 9.61±3.8 | 198.1±5.7 | 75±15 | 98.26±0.31 |
F2 | 4.02±0.35 | 8.38±0.45 | 5.07±0.23 | 0.77±0.7 | 203.57±5.7 | 105.3±10.50 | 98.66±0.36 |
F3 | 3.82±0.33 | 8.13±0.01 | 5.73±0.70 | 0.51±0.7 | 202.03±7.4 | 125±13.23 | 97.96±0.59 |
F4 | 3.69±0.37 | 8.06±0.01 | 5.8±0.4 | 0.77±0.4 | 195.6±3.5 | 140±5 | 98.36±0.58 |
TABLE 5: IN-VITRO DISSOLUTION TEST DATA
Time (min) | % cumulative release | ||||
F0 | F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | |
0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
15 | 46.04±0.99 | 49.47±0.73 | 47.02±0.04 | 47.11±0.91 | 46.54±0.36 |
30 | 62.19±0.01 | 64.47±0.76 | 62.79±0.46 | 61.08±1.51 | 61.43±0.74 |
45 | 71.87±0.44 | 76.86±4.07 | 71.42±1.31 | 70.34±1.61 | 69.081±2.29 |
The tablet parameters studied were compiled in Table 4 and Table 5. From the Table 4 it was found out that the batch containing 1% w/w seed powder failed friability test, all other batches passed the tests. The hardness as well as Disintegration time increased with the increase in powder concentration. This indicated good binding of powders. The in vitro dissolution study data given in Table 5 shows that batches F0 - F3 passed the test but the batch F4 failed the test due to less than 70% release in 45 minutes as stated by Indian Pharmacopoeia.
Fig. 3 represents the graph of percent drug release of the batches. The drug release decreased with increase in binder concentration; this may be due to high amount of binding agent retarded the drug release. Among all these batched Batch F2 was selected as batch of choice due to better release and it passed all the parameters, although batch F1 has the highest dissolution may be due to the fact that is was having highest friability and it was dissolved immediately but it failed friability test hence it cannot be considered as batch of choice.
FIG. 3: DISSOLUTION GRAPH OF BATCHES F0-F4
TABLE 6: DATA FOR DISSOLUTION COMPARISON USING F1 AND F2 FACTOR
Factor | Value | Range | Inference |
f1 | 0.62 | 0-15 | Similar dissolution profile |
f2 | 96.62 | 50-100 | Similar dissolution profile |
The batch F2 was used for the comparison of Dissolution profile and the data obtained is given in
Table 5, from the data obtained it is evident that the batched F0 and F2 exhibit similar dissolution profiles. Since the values of f1 and f2 factor lies within the stated limits. From the above Table 7, values obtained by t test using two tailed test gives p value 0.9904 which is greater than 0.05 i.e. p > 0.05, hence there is no significant difference between the dissolution profiles of the two formulations.
In the table SEM = Standard error of the mean, F = F test value, Dfn = Degrees of freedom numerator, Dfd = Degrees of freedom denominator.
TABLE 7: t TEST EVALUATION DATA
Mean ± SEM of F0 | 45.03 ± 15.93, n=4 | F | 1 | P value | Significant difference |
Mean ± SEM of F2 | 45.31 ± 15.92, n=4 | Dfn | 3 | 0.9904 | No (p > 0.05) |
Difference between means | 0.2825 ± 22.52 | Dfd | 3 | ||
95% confidence interval | -54.83 to 55.39 |
From the Table 8, Higuchi model was found to be best fit model for both the formulations. The release exponent n was found to be between 0.45-0.89 which indicated anomalous non - fickian diffusion. Which literally mean that the rates of solvent penetration and drug release are in the same rang. This deviation is due to increased drug diffusivity from the matrix by the solvent-induced relaxation of the polymers.
TABLE 8: RELEASE PROFILE DATA
Model | F0 | F2 | Diffusion type | ||
R2 | K | R2 | K | ||
Zero-order | 0.8863 | 1.27 | 0.9258 | 1.41 | - |
First-order | 0.9811 | -0.01 | 0.926 | -0.01 | - |
Higuchi | 0.9828 | 10.88 | 0.9825 | 11.843 | - |
Hixson–Crowell | 0.957 | 0.03 | 0.9623 | 0.040 | - |
Korsemeyer-Pappas (n) | 0.9593 | 0.61 | 0.9653 | 0.64 | Non-fickian |
CONCLUSION: From the studies it was concluded that the buckwheat seed powder at 2% w/w concentration performs similar to 2.5% w/w concentration acacia in direct compression of tablets. Hence it can be implied that buckwheat seed powder can be an effective direct compression binder.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The authors are thankful to Emcure Pvt. Ltd., Pune for providing valsartan as a gift sample, M. M. College of pharmacy, Pune for helping out with FTIR analysis of drug and AISSMS college of Pharmacy, Pune for helping with tablet compression.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Authors have no conflict of interest.
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How to cite this article:
Singh P, Tayade J, Shinde V, Ansari AF, Lamkhede A and Sonawane V: Study of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) seed powder as a tablet binder. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2018; 9(4): 1632-37.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(4).1632-37.
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Article Information
36
1632-1637
469
1114
English
IJPSR
P. Singh*, J. Tayade, V. Shinde, A. F. Ansari, A. Lamkhede and V. Sonawane
Department of Pharmaceutics, Alard College of Pharmacy, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Priyeshsingh68@gmail.com
14 July, 2017
19 September, 2017
20 October, 2017
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.9(4).1632-37
01 April, 2018