TRADITIONAL PHYTOTHERAPEUTIC USES IN PURBA MEDINIPUR, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
HTML Full TextTRADITIONAL PHYTOTHERAPEUTIC USES IN PURBA MEDINIPUR, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Arjun Patra 1, Amal Kumar Mondal *2 and Debdulal Banerjee 3
Department of Botany 1, Prabhat Kumar College, Contai - 721401, West Bengal, India.
Plant Taxonomy, Biosystematics and Molecular Taxonomy Laboratory 2, Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory 3, UGC - DRS - SAP Department, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore - 721102, West Bengal, India.
ABSTRACT: The traditional health care system has been significantly used from ancient time. The rural people of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal still continue to depend on indigenous plants to cure their different types of primary health treatment. The present study explore 79 plant species belong to 41 families are systematically used in traditional health care system. Information was collected by the structures questionnaire, consultation and interviews with rural people, knowledgeable persons and women folk. The plants are principally used for the treatment of digestive disorder (24.4 %), respiratory trouble (25.64 %), dysentery (16.66 %), bleeding (12.8 %), snake and insect bite (11.53 %), skin infection (12.8 %) and sugar control (10.25 %). These wild medicinal plants are declining in number due to demolition and unscientific collection of plants. There is a requisite need to conserve the indigenous medicinal plants. This document will help to prepare a database of valuable indigenous plants and their issues for mankind.
Keywords: |
Traditional Phytotherapy, Indigenous plants, Purba Medinipur
INTRODUCTION: Ancient Indian literature incorporates a remarkably broad definition of medicinal plants and considers all plant parts to be potential source of medicinal substances 10. Traditional plants contain various compounds such as phenolic, alkaloids and tocopherols which have shown antioxidant activity. Also some other compounds show antimicrobial activity which inhibit the growth of different microorganism (bacteria). Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds of plant origin 2. Phytotherapy promotes proper utilization and also to conserve these plant resources for further future use.
As per different reports India is one of the richest biological heritages with more than 50 million tribal people under 300 tribal communities, constituting about 8% of the total population of the country. About 15% of the total geographical area of the country is inhabited by the tribal’s 1, 9. The Indian sub-continent has a very rich diversity of plants species in a wide range of ecosystems. The Indian sub-continent approximately 8,000 species are considered as medicinally important and used for human as well as veterinary care across the country by village communities or in traditional medicinal system 14.
The knowledge of these indigenous drugs has come through verbally since generation to generation and played an important role in conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity 5, 17. A major part of the developing countries still uses traditional folk medicine from plant resources 11. Documentation of traditional knowledge of ethno medicinal use of plants has been considered as a high priority to support the discoveries of drugs benefiting mankind. The tribal populations, who have been the primary inhabitants of natural habitats, hold tremendous amount of traditional knowledge on the use of various biotic resources, which may have greater importance to the ongoing research and discoveries in the field. It is well acknowledged in literature that their age old practices of using plants to cure numerous ailments have paved the way to further the discovery of many lifesaving drugs 16.
The tribal ethno-botanical information is significant not for the tribal people themselves, but also beneficial for the whole world. Unfortunately, these old civilizations, traditional skills and beliefs are going to be lost due to modernization, industrialization and also by discarding the traditional lifestyle by younger generation 13. Traditional medicines comprises of formalized forms with well documented remedies practiced by lay people (e.g. European cloister medicine, Ayurveda, ancient Iranian medicine, Islamic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine etc.) as well as more informal practices orally handed down from generation to generation. Herbal remedies exert therapeutic activity because of their active constituents that act either alone or in combination 6. The people of the tribal areas are the repository of accumulated experience and knowledge about traditional uses of medicinal plants 15.
The knowledge of medicinal plant was developed through trial and error, rural health care is dominated by traditional medicine because of its affordability and accessibility to rural populace relative to the high cost of orthodox medicines and lack of access to hospital facilities. It is a fact that the 25% of all medical prescriptions are based on substances derived from plants or plant-derived synthetic analogues. Over 80% of rural population depends on herbal therapeutics leading to increased exploitation of herbal plants coupled with the high rate of deforestation resulting in forest depletion and destruction 12. The traditional practitioners revealed that some ailments are effectively treated through herbal sphere and claimed to have herbal cure for lunatic, epilepsy, barrenness, impotence, poisoning or charming and fibroid, but the practitioners would not reveal the steps involved in the treatment to even their children not talk of the outsiders. They gained the knowledge of herbal drugs based on many beliefs, assumption and superstitions. It is difficult to unveil the much acclaimed curative potential of some methods of healing because of the mystical and secrecy which usually accompanied their practices 7.
The present study was carried out to explore different indigenous medicinal plants and their uses by the rural people in Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal for the treatment of human aliments.
Study Area: Purba Medinipur is a quiet large area latitude 21° 56’ 14’’ N and longitude 87° 46’ 35’’ E and elevation 5 meters with agricultural belt of West Bengal. The Bay of Bengal lies in the south, the Hoogly River and South 24 Pargana to the east with coastal area. The soli type of this area is fertile and vast expanse of younger alluvial soils. This area is important for its tourism, fishing and processing industries.
FIG. 1: STUDY AREAS IN MAP
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ethno-medicinal study was carried out in villages of different blocks in Purba Medinipur district. The work was carried out through field study and conducted throughout the season during August 2015 to November 2016. Information was collected by the questionnaire, consultation and interviews with rural people, knowledgeable persons and women folk. The information was also cross verified with local aged and experienced practitioners. Plant specimens were collected and identified with the help of standard taxonomic literature.
RESULTS: From the present study, 79 species of medicinal plants belong to 41 families were surveyed to use for the treatment of different diseases. The major plant families were used by the rural people for their health cares are Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae (12, 7 and 4 species of each), Apiaceae, Palmae and Rutaceae (3 species of each).
The plant species which were used by the rural people of Purba Medinipur district with scientific name, family, local name, parts used and medicinal uses are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1: THE TRADITIONAL USES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN PURBA MEDINIPUR DISTRICT
S. no. | Plant Species and Family | Local
Name |
Traditional Use | |
Parts Used | Used By Local People | |||
1. | Acanthus ilicifolius L.
Acanthaceae |
Kanta Jhuri | Leaves,
Stem Root |
Whole plant is used for treatment of temporary senseless of organ, respiratory trouble and Blood Sugar control. Root decoction is used to relief cough, respiratory trouble |
2. | Gendarussa vulgaris Burm. f. Acanthaceae | Bisallakaroni | Leaves | Fresh juice of leaves is used in ear to cure pain, used to stop bleeding. Warm juice vapour is taken to cure headache, cough |
3. | Barleria lupulina Lindl. Acanthaceae | Kanta Bisallakarani | Leaves | Leaves paste is applied on fresh cut and wounds to stop bleeding |
4. | Ruellia tuberosa L.
Acanthaceae |
Chotpot | Leaves
Stem, Root |
Leaves decoction is taken to treat joint pain. Fresh juice of leaves is taken to relief from whooping cough, blood cleaning and weakness |
5. | Andrographis paniculata(Burm.f.)Wall. Ex Nees Acanthaceae | Kalmegh | Leaves | Leaf juice is taken to control liver function, blood filtration.
Paste soup is drank to relief from cough |
6. | Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Graminae(Poaceae) | Durba | Whole Plant | Fresh juice applied to cuts and wounds to stop bleeding from colon.
Paste applied to stop bleeding from nose |
7. | Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Apiaceae | Thankuni | Leaf | Fresh young leaves are chewed at early morning in empty stomach to control chronic dysentery and blood stool |
8. | Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Merrill.
Apocynaceae |
Karbari | Leaf,
Root, Seed |
Leaf paste is applied to remedy skin disease.
Paste of Root bark is used to treat loss of pigmentation of skin. Seeds are used to relief from inflammation of joints |
9. | Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae | Jaba | Leaves | Leaf juice is drank to treat inflammation of colon, abdominal cure |
10. | Tridax procumbens Linn. Asteraceae | Choto Ganda | Leaf, Stem | Juice is applied to stop bleeding of wounds.
Stem juice is used to stop diarrhoea |
11. | Justicia adhatoda L.
Acanthaceae |
Basak | Leaves | Leaves are boiled with water and is used to bath to cure chronic cough and cold |
12. | Barleria prionitis Linn.
Acanthaceae |
Kanta Jhinti | Leaves , Root | Leaf juice is given for eye disease, melted root infusion is used in cough and tooth pain. Root juice is used to treat pimples |
13. | Hygrophila spinosa T.
Acanthaceae |
Kulekhara | Leaf and Stem | Juice of fresh leaves and warm juice is taken for increasing haemoglobin as well as to treated anemia |
14. | Aegle marmelos L. Correa Rutaceae | Bel | Stem, Bark Leaf, Fruit | Leaves are chewed at early morning help to control blood sugar.
Fruit pulp taken for stomach ache. Fruit fleshy part is dried and used for diarrhoea |
15. | Ocimum tenuiforum L.
Lamiaceae |
Tulsi | Leaves | Leaves are taken orally to relief from common cold, respiratory trouble, fever and inflammation of lining of bronchial tubes |
16. | Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn. Combretaceae | Arjun | Bark | Wet stem bark is taken at morning in empty stomach to cure gastrointestinal troubles and cardiac problems |
17. |
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae | Nim | Young Leaves Bark
Seed |
Water decoction of fresh and fried leaves drank for skin infection and allergy. Bark decoction is used for malaria.
Seed oil is used for skin disease |
18. | Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Arecaceae | Khejur | Fruit | Ripped fruit is taken to increase iron level in blood |
19. | Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Apocynaceae | Kolke | Flower | Flower juice is taken to treat oral infection |
20. | Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Apocynaceae | Nayontara | Leaves
Root, Buds |
Fresh leaves paste is applied on cuts to help in quick healing and to stop nosebleed |
21. | Ipomea aquatic Forssk.
Convolvulaceae |
Kolmisak | Leaf
Stem |
Leaves and stem are used as vegetables.
Juice is applied on wounds |
22. | Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merrill. Rutaceae | Batabilebu | Fruit
Leaves |
Leaves with warm water is used to bath to relief from dry cough.
Fruits are eat for good digestion |
23. | Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae | Satamuli | Root | Roots are chewed to relief from abdominal trouble and inflammation of colon |
24. | Enydra fluctuans Lour.
Asteraceae |
Hinche | Leaves
Stem |
Leaves and stem are used as vegetables for blood purifier and weakness |
25. | Oxalis corniculcta Linn. Oxalidaceae | Amrulsak | Whole Plant | Plant decoction is used for muscular associated pain or stiffness and inflammation of colon |
26. | Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Nyctaginaceae | Seuli | Leaves
Stem |
Juice of leaves is used for abdominal cure.
Bark decoction is taken to remittent fever and control blood sugar level |
27. | Echbolium viridae (Forsk.) Merrill Acanthaceae | Nilkantha | Leaves
Root |
Warm juice of leaves is used to relief from severe pain of joints.
Crushed roots with water is taken to treat jaundice |
28. | Alstonia scholaris R. Br Apocynaceae | Chatim | Leaves
Root Latex, Bark |
Leaves juice is drank to stop mouth bleed. Root paste is applied on wound area. Warm latex is applied to cure chest pain and dental caries.
Bark paste is applied on snake bite area |
29. | Aganosma dichotoma (Roth) K. Schum. Apocynaceae | Malatilata | Leaves
Stem |
Whole plant decoction is used as antiseptic and respiratory trouble.
Leaves decoction is used for eye problem |
30. | Tabernaemontana coronaria R. Br. Ex Roem. and Schult
Apocynaceae |
Tagar | Leaves
Latex |
Milky latex is used on the wounds of snake bite, eye drop and skin infection |
31. | Pleumeria rubra L.
Apocynaceae |
Kathmali | Leaves
Root, Bark |
Leaves decoction is used to control high fever.
Root and bark paste is applied on swelling and inflammated area |
32. | Barleria cristata Linn.
Acanthaceae |
Swet Jhinti | Leaf
Root |
Leaves juice is drank to relief from cough.
Root and leaves paste is applied on swelling |
33. | Amaranthus caudatus L. Amarathaceae | Marshisak | Leaves
Root |
Used as vegetables. Leaves decoction is taken for Pulmonary trouble, ulcer. Root juice is taken to control headaches |
34. | Ananas comosus L.
Bromeliaceae |
Anaras | Leaves
Fruits |
Leaves decoction is taken to treat hiccough and constipation.
Fruit is eaten to control gastric irritability and jaundice |
35. | Cyperous scariosus R. Br. Cyperaceae | Muthaghas | Tuber | Tuber decoction is taken at early morning in empty stomach to relief from indigestion and chronic dysentery |
36. | Borassus flabellifer L.
Palmae
|
Tal
|
Fruit
Spadices |
Leaves juice and Fruit is eaten for hiccough and gastric inflammation. Spadices is useful in ulcers, Ash of dry spadices used as antacid and liver functioning |
37. | Calamus viminalis Willd. Palmae | Bet | Leaves
Root |
Leaves juice is taken to treat chronic fever and gynae problem.
Root decoction is used in treatment of jaundice and blood disease |
38. | Hemigraphis hirta T. Anders. Acanthaceae | Baghua | Leaves
Root |
Leaves and root paste is applied to the snake bite region.
Leaves juice is used to cure dysentery |
39. | Piper betle L. Piperaceae | Pan | Leaf | Leaves juice is drank to relief from acidity and indigestion |
40. | Saccharum spontaneum L. Poaceae | Kash
|
Root | Root decoction is used in respiratory and gynecological problem |
41. | Syzygium cumini Skeels.
Myrtaceae |
Jumrul /Jam | Fruit
Seed, Bark |
Fruit directly taken. Seed powder taken for sugar control.
Bark juice is taken for inflammation of colon |
42. | Abutilon indicum (L.) Sw. Malvaceae
|
Petrol Phol | Leaves
Root, Seed |
Leaves juice is applied on fore head to reduce headache.
Crushed root is to cure insect bite and fungal infection. Seed juice is used to relief from cough |
43. | Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott. Araceae | Mankachu | Stem | A piece of stem with ripped banana is used to
reduce blood secretion from colon |
44. | Calotropis gigantean (Linn.) R. Br. Ex Ait. Asclepiadaceae | Arak | Leaf
Latex |
Leaves juice and latex mixed with ghee applied on abdomen to
relief from pain and to treat wounds by poisonous insect |
45. | Dillenia indica Linn.
Dilleniaceae |
Chalta
|
Leaf
Fruit, Bark |
Leaves paste is applied on carbuncle. Fruit is taken for indigestion.
Bark juice is used to reduce food poisoning |
46. | Curcuma longa
Zingibaraceae
|
Halud | Rhizome | Rhizome paste is applied on skin to cure from skin infection and freshness. Rhizome powder with warm milk is taken at bed time to relief from cough, cold and weakness |
47. | Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. Verbenaceae | Ghetu/Bhat | Leaf
Root |
Fresh young leaves juice is taken at early morning to cure
intestinal worm and skin infection |
48. | Merremia gangetia (L.) Cufod. Convolvulaceae | Musakani | Leaves | Leaves paste and juice is applied on cut and wounds to stop bleeding |
49. | Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk
Asteraceae |
Keshunt | Leaves | Fresh juice applies over scalp to promote hair growth.
To treat scorpion sting |
50. | FoeniculumVulgare Mill. Apiaceae | Mouri | Fruits | Fruits soaked in water overnight and drank the next morning for acidity, burning micturition and amoeboisis |
51. | Holarrhenaanti dysenterica Wall Apocynaceae | Kurchi | Stem
Bark |
Fresh bark juice is used in amoeboisis and dysentery. |
52. | Moringa oleifera Lam.
Moringaceae |
Sajina | Leave, Root
Bark, Fruits |
Tender leaves & fruits used as vegetables to prevent Chickenpox.
Root bark paste is applied locally in injuries |
53. | Saraca indica Linn.
Caesalpiniaceae |
Ashok | Stem, Bark
Flower, Seed |
Stem and bark decoction is used for menstrual disorder. Flower decoction is taken for sugar control. Seed paste is in skin infection |
54. | Tinospara cordifolia Miers Menispermaceae | Gulancha | Stem Tender | Stem juice with boiled water is taken in early morning to
control sugar and cholesterol |
55. | Ficus bengalensis Linn. Moraceae | Bat | Latex | 3-4 drops latex added with sugar candy is taken in chronic amoeboisis |
56. | Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae | Haritaki | Fruits | Fruits powder taken at bed time also soaked in water overnight is drank at next morning for acidity, constipation |
57. | Vitex negundo Linn.
Verbenaceae |
Nisinda | Leaves
|
Fresh leaves used as a hot poultice in swelling and joint pain |
58. | Momordica charantia Linn. Cucurbitaceae | Karala | Fruits | Fruit juice drank in empty stomach especially for diabetes.
Fruit is used as vegetables for skin itching |
59. | Piper nigrum Linn.
Piperaceae |
Marich | Seed | Seed chewed with common salt and then swallowed in sore throat,
cough, tonsillitis and pharyngitis |
60. | Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T. Nees. And C.H. Eberm Lauraceae | Tejpata | Leaf, Bark | Used as vegetable. Bark decoction is taken to relief from cough.
Inhaling of smoke of dried leaves cure choked voice |
61. | Carica papaya Linn.
Caricaceae |
Penpe | Fruit,
Latex |
Fruit latex mixed with water taken orally to increase appetite.
Boiled fruit taken in constipation, jaundice and indigestion |
62. | Puncia granatum Linn.
Punicaceae |
Dalim | Leaves and Fruits | Tender leaves juice mixed with honey taken in diarrhea,
dysentery, especially in neonates. Fruit cover juice is also used in diarrhea, dysentery of adults |
63. | Saccharum officinarum Linn. Poaceae | Aakh | Stem | Stem juice taken in jaundice, burning Micturition and dehydration |
64. | Coccinia indica
W. & A. Cucurbitaceae |
Telakucha | Leaves
Fruit |
Leaves juice drank in empty stomach in diabetes. Leaves paste is bound on head to relief headache. Fruit is used as vegetable for sugar control |
65. | Cocos nucifera Linn.
Araceae |
Narkel | Green
Coconut Water Oil |
Green coconut water drank in dehydration.
Oil is applied over scalp hair to promote hair growth |
66. | Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Euphorbiaceae | Amlaki | Fruit | Fruit juice taken in acidity and also juice boiled with coconut oil to promotes hair growth |
67. | Paederia foetida Linn.
Rubiaceae |
Gandal | Leaves | Leaves used as vegetables in diarrhea, Amoeboisis, dysentery and stomach problem. Leaves juice is boiled used in joint pain. |
68. | Allium Cepa Linn. Liliaceae. | Paianz | Bulb | Crushed onion paste used locally in insect. Sting and eye vision. |
69. | Carum carvi Linn. Apiaceae | Kalojira | Seeds | Seeds covered by cloth, rubbed & then inhaled in common cold |
70. | Mangifera indica Linn.
Anacardiaceae |
Aam | Fruit | Boiled green mango used as syrup to drink in summer season
for avoiding sun stoke |
71. | Bacopa monnieri Pennell.Scrophularaceae | Brahmi | Leaves | Leaves juice and fried in ghee are then eaten to promote memory |
72. | Mimusops elengi Linn.
Sapotaceae |
Bakul | Stem
Bark |
Stem bark decoction used as gurgling in spongy gum, bleeding gum etc |
73. | Tagetes erecta Linn.
Asteraceae |
Ganda | Leaves | Leaves juice applied over cut injury to stop bleeding and juice
is drank to cure abdominal pain |
74. | Psidium guava L.
Myrtaceae |
Peyara | Fruit,
Leaf |
Fruit is eat to relief from indigestion.
Leaf juice is taken to control blood sugar, mouth bleeding |
75. | Musca paradisiaca L.
Musaceae |
Kola (Banana) | Stem, Fruit | Inner portion of stem is used as vegetable as a source of iron and fiber. Ripped fruit is taken for energy source |
76. | Tamarindus indica L.
Caesalpinaceae |
Tentul | Leaf, Fruit | Warm paste of leaf is applied on joint or injured bone |
77. | Rungia pectinata (Linn.) Nees Acanthaceae | Choto Sibjota | Leaves | Leaves are used as cooling agent.
Crushed leaves is applied to lowers swelling |
78. | Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. Rutaceae | Jamir Lebu | Fruits
Leaves |
Fresh juice of leaves and fruits are taken to treat mouth bleeding, skin infection, digestion and dandruff |
79. | Ricinus communis Linn
Euphorbiaceae |
Redhi | Branch
|
Luke warm oil messaged over abdomen for abdominal flatulence with pain especially for children. Branches used as tooth brush in bleeding gum |
FIG. 2: PERCENTAGE (%) OF PLANT PARTS USED
FIG. 3: PERCENTAGE (%) OF DIFFERENT DISEASE TREATED WITH PLANT PARTS
DISCUSSION: The use of traditional medicine is wide range in Purba Medinipur district. The information documented in this study is completely based on the primary source and the uses of locally available plants by the rural people as their household remedies. To treat various disease the rural people were using leaves (52%) most commonly and followed by Root (12%), Stem(11%), Fruit (11%), Bark (7%), latex (3%), Whole plant (2%), Rhizome (1%) and Bulb (1%). The plants were used for the treatment of Digestive disorder (24.4 %), Respiratory trouble (25.64 %), Dysentery (16.66 %), to stop bleeding (12.8 %), Snake and Insect bite (11.53 %), Skin infection (12.8 %), Sugar control (10.25 %), Muscular and joint pain (8.97 %), Eye and Hair problem (3.84 %), Fever and Sexual disease. The medicinal use varies according to the symptoms as well as a particular medicinal plant is sometime used for different ailments in different localities. Sometimes plant parts are applied mix with other plant for remedy of disease.
Early researchers have also documented 50 species belonging to 20 families are used by rural and tribal people of Paschim Medinipur. Another documented 43 species belonging to 32 families were used by the rural people of Contai subdivision and 20 plants belonging to 16 families were used by Bharai village of Himachal Pradesh.
CONCLUSION: The rural area of Purba Medinipur district is an important source of the traditionally used medicinal plants with indigenous in nature. There was lack of organize data about the medicinally important plants throughout the entire district. The knowledge about uses of these medicinal plants is confined in different areas, which are not explored for human welfare. Medicinal plants with indigenous habit play an important role in providing knowledge to the researchers. So this article may help inhabitants, botanists, scientist or other interested persons for the general idea about diversified use and will also attract the attention of Pharmacologist and Phytochemists for future critical investigation of medicinal plants present in Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, India.
AKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors are thankful to the local people of Purba Medinipur district for their valuable co-operation. The authors are also thankful to Professor Ranjan Chakraborti, Honourable Vice-Chancellor, Vidyasagar University for giving me the opportunity to carry out Ph.D work.
CONFLICT OF INTERST: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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How to cite this article:
Patra A, Mondal AK and Banerjee D: Traditional phytotherapeutic uses in Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2017; 8(9): 3904-10.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8(9).3904-10.
All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Article Information
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3904-3910
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English
IJPSR
A. Patra, A. K. Mondal *and D. Banerjee
Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India.
amalcaebotvu@gmail.com
07 February, 2017
14 April, 2017
26 April, 2017
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.8(9).3904-10
01 September, 2017