USEFUL MEDICINAL PLANTS HAVING ANTI-CANCEROUS AND ANTI-TUMOROUS MEDICINAL POTENTIAL OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL, ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM.F.) WALL AND GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA (L.)

USEFUL MEDICINAL PLANTS HAVING ANTI-CANCEROUS AND ANTI-TUMOROUS MEDICINAL POTENTIAL OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL, ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA (BURM.F.) WALL AND GLYCYRRHIZA GLaBRA (L.)

Pawan Kumar Sagar *, Asma Sattar Khan and Suryansh Kashyap

Drug Standardization Research Institute, CCRUM, Ministry of AYUSH), PCIM & H, Campus, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

ABSTRACT: A study has reviewed three medicinal plants from India that have been traditionally used for treating and preventing diseases, including cancer. These plants, namely Withania somnifera (L.) Duna L, Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall, and Glycyrrhiza glabra L., possess anti-cancer and anti-tumorous properties. They contain various bio-active constituents and secondary metabolites, such as Withanolides, Withaferins-A, D, Withanone, Withanosides, steroidal lactones, Adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunai. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees contains Andrographolide, β-Sitosterol, Stigma Sterol, Chlorophylla, 5-2-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxy-flavone, β-Sitosteryl fatty acid ester, lupeol, and Triacylglycerols. Glycyrrhiza globra (L.) contains Glycyrrhezic acid, 18β-Glycyrrhetic acid, Glycyrrhizin, Anethole,(3% to total volatile),  Iso-flavone Glabreneonl, Iso-flavone glaberidin, Licochalcone-A, and licoagrochalcone. These plants have shown promising results in preventing and inhibiting the growth of cancer cells and tumours in both in-vitro and in-vivo studies. The study highlights the ethnobotanical, pharmacological, and biological activities of these plants and emphasizes their potential for novel drug discovery, pharmacopoeial standardization, and clinical research.

Keywords: Anti-cancerous, Anti-tumorous, ASU medicinal plants, Bio-actives constituents, Secondary metabolites, Bioavailable, Ethno-botany, Effective biological activities

INTRODUCTION: The burden of cancer rose to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018. With 36 different types, Cancer mainly affects men in the form of colorectal, liver, lung, prostate, and stomach whereas in women in the form of breast, cervix, colorectal, lung, and thyroid ⁶.

In the present lifestyle scenario of human being, Cancer is a one of the very harmful diseases which are characterized by irregular cell proliferation. High mortality and incidence make it an important public health and economic issue which requires an effective prevention.

Medicinal plants have various advantages over chemical products because plants derived from bio active compounds are more tolerant and non-toxic to normal human cells. Already available conventional therapies for the treatment of cancer are radiotherapy and chemotherapy which have various toxicities, seriously affecting the health of the person. Therefore, an alternative method is required to develop which is less toxic and more potent anticancer drug as compared to the drugs available in the market. Recently there has been an increased scientific interest in the study of material from plant sources as an anticancer compound. Several studies have found the role of medicinal plants in prevention and treatment of cancer ²¹. The most common reason behind cancer is lifestyle changes and there is urgent need to find a better treatment for the disease which is required. According to World Health Organization, more than 14 million people diagnosed with cancer and 9 million died in 2013. (www.who.in) (Ray et al., 2017 and WHO. 2017) ¹², the cancer- causing agents (carcinogens) can be present in food and water, in the air, and in chemical and radiation due to sunlight that people are exposed to. Since, epithelial cells cover the skin, line the respiratory and alimentary tracts, and metabolize ingested carcinogens, it is not surprising that over 90% of cancer occur in epithelia.

More significantly a globalization of unhealthy lifestyles, particularly cigarette smoking, Tobacco usage and the adoption of many features of the modern Western diet (high fat, low fibers content etc.) will increase cancer incidence ^{27-31, 68-69}. Plant are an important source of synthetic and herbal agents used in several pharmaceutical industries. Some of the prominent plant derived compound have a major role in the development of several clinically useful anticancer agents such as Vinblastine, Vincristine, teniposide and etoposide derivative, topotecan, paclitaxel (Taxol) etc. (Singh et al., 2013) ²⁶. Taxol and Camptothecin were among the most important anti-cancer compound derived from plants available today ³³.

Several synthetic or natural chemo-preventive agents are used worldwide to cure the disease. Chemically synthesized agents have their toxicity and DNA damage induction potential which prevents their uses. (Bisht et al., 2011; ²⁶ Sasaki et al., 2002) ⁵⁸. Because the genuine region of the serious side effects of synthetic chemo-preventive agents, the research is going on to investigate the plant derived chemotherapeutic agents without toxicity. Bio-prospective for plants important with anti-cancer activity has been a major focus in the search for plant based cures ^31-59. Anti-neoplasm (anti-cancerous) activity is defined as effect of natural, synthetic or biological chemical agents used to reverse, suppress or prevent carcinogenic progression ⁴¹. Himalayan plants grown in high altitude are the rich source of various secondary metabolites such as anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids as well as medicinal plants contain wide range of secondary metabolites which include flavonoids, flavones, anthocyanins, lignans, coumarins, isocatechins and catechins etc. ^{8, 26}, Sumer J. 2000) India has a rich history of using plants for health care in general (Misra et al., 2008) 44and treatment of cancer in particular without causing toxicity ⁴¹. Cancer has become an important Public Health Problem with over 900,000 new cases occurring every year and is one of the ten leading causes of death in India ^37-46.

Plants contain many active compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, tannins, glycosides, volatile oils, fixed oils, resins, phenols and flavonoids etc. which are deposited in their specific parts such as Whole, stems, leaves, flowers, bark, seeds, fruits, roots, etc. The beneficial medicinal effects of plant materials typically result from the combination of these secondary products ³⁶ Tonthubthim thong et al., 2001). National Cancer Institute has approximately screened 35,000 plant species for their potential anticancer activities and they have found that among them about 3,000 plant species have shown reproducible anticancer activity ⁶⁴. In 1985 Farnsworth et al. identified 119 secondary plant metabolites which were used as drugs.  

Out of 255 drugs which are considered as basic and essential by the World Health Organization (WHO), 11% are obtained from plants and a number of synthetic drugs are also obtained from natural precursors. Herbal plants based extract medicines are used worldwide in Asian, European, Chinese, Japan, Korea, Malaysian, Canadian countries for cure of human being since ancient time and has Provided  human being a miraculous powerful spirit to fight again several harmful diseases which have medicinal potential and are highly safe and efficacious higher yielding, standard quality formulated products without showing any adverse and side effect. For thousands of years mankind is using plant source to alleviate or cure illnesses. Plants constitute a source of novel chemical compounds which are of potential use in medicine and other applications ²⁸ Sagar et al., 2020 and 2021).

Methods: The sources of scientific literature were accessed from various electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and library search, studies drugs samples authonicated and confiremed of these botanical, scientific indentification by our Experts botanist, pharmacognosist, Scientist and Researchers of Council research Institutes as NMPB, New Delhi, NRIUSD, Hyderabad, T.S., India & RRIUM, Chennai, T.N., India as well as DSRI, Ghaziabad, U.P., India - SMPU and DSRU. Units under Ministry of AYUSH., Govt. of India and INMAS, (DRDO.), under Ministry of Defence, New Delhi, Govt. of India Organizations associated with Librarial harmony.

Asgand/Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal): Ashwagandha has been prized top notch adaptogenic tonics in India for 3000-4000 years. The plants contain the alkaloids withanine and somniferine, which are used to treat nervous disorders, intestinal infections and leprosy. All plant parts are used including the roots, bark, leaves, fruit and seed.

Habitat: It is native to arid parts of India. It is a perennial herb that reaches about to 6 ft in nature. A shrubby, semi-woody, perennial herb to 1½ m hight to grassland and waste places; recorded only in Mali, Liberia and North Nigeria in the Region, but occurring more commonly across central Africa, East, North East, South central and southern Africa, and into India and South East Africa, in southern Africa the flowering time is mostly from October to June, while the fruiting time is mostly from October to July.

Description: It is a short, tender perennial herb growing 35-75 cm height. Velvet-hairy branches extend radially from a central stem. Leaves are dull green, elliptic, usually up to 10-12 cm long. The flowers are small, green and bell-shaped. Orange fruits in persistent papery sepals follow the small greenish flowers. The leaves are alternate(opposite on flowering shoots), simple, margins entire to slightly wavy, broadly ovate, obovate or oblong, 30-80 mm long and 20-50 mm broad having, 5-20 mm long petioles, 5-8 mm across, orange-red to red when ripe and enclosed by the enlarged calyx. Fruit containt numerous seeds pale brown, 2.5 mm across, ± kidney-shaped and compressed with a rough, netted surface.

FIG. 1: WITHANIA SOMNIFERA (L.) DUNAL A. FRESH WHOLE PLANT, B. FRESH LEAVES WITH FRUITS PART, C. FRESH FRUITS PART, D. DRIED ROOTS PART

In Withania somnifera reported and present Withanolides and Withaferins-A, D along with a few other metabolites including Withanone and Withanosides, Steroidal lactones, Adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil etc. active phytochemical constituents marker compounds as well as these showen and confiremed Anti-Cancers (Human Cervical cancer, Human breast, CNS, lung, and Colon Skin, Cervix, prostate, Cancers), Anti-Tumor, (Skin, Brain Tumor), Anti-Carcinogenic, in-vitro, in-vivo various cells lines, Animal clinical trail studies. (detail showen in Fig. 1: A, B, C, D and Table 1, 2 & 3, Sr. N0.-1)

Kalmegh, Kalamegha / Kirayat (Andrographis paniculate (Burm.f.) Wall): An Ayurveda herb is also known as Kalmegh or Kalamegha, meaning “dark cloud”, it is also known as Bhui-nee, meaning “neem of the ground”.

The therapeutic value of Kalmegh is due to its mechanism of action which is perhaps by enzyme induction. The plant extracts exhibit antityphoid and antifungal activities. Kalmegh is also reported to possess antihepatotoxic, antibiotic, antimalarial, antihepatitic, antithrombogenic, anti-inflammatory. Other activities as liver protection under various experimental conditions of treatment with galactosamine, paracetamol etc. are also attributed to andrographolide. Andrographolide has shown inhibition of in-vitro proliferation of different tumour cell lines, representing various types of cancers.

Habitat: The plant is native to southern, west, northeast region of India and Sri Lanka, and is found in China, Thailand, India, and Pakistan and is also introduced and cultivated in the East and West Indies. It is found in a variety of habitats, such as plains, hillsides, and coastlines. It is also found in disturbed and cultivated areas such as roadsides, farms, and wastelands.

Description: The plant is erect grow to the height of 30-110 cm (12-43 in) in moist, shady places. The slender stem is dark green, squared in cross-section with longitudinal furrows and wings along the angles. The lance-shaped leaves have hairless blades measuring up to 8 cm(3.1 in) long by 2.5 cm (0.98 in).The small flowers are borne in spreading racemes. The fruit is a capsule around 2.0 cm (0.79 in) long and a few millimetres wide. It contains many yellow-brown seeds. In Andrographis paniculatereported and present Andrographolide, β-Sitosterol, Stigma Sterol, Chlorophylla, 5-2-dihydroxy-7, 8-dimethoxy-flavone, β-Sitosteryl fatty acid ester, lupeol, Triacylglycerols etc. active phytochemical constituents marker compounds as well as these showen and confiremed Anti-Cancers (Human Breast, Prostate, lung, liver and Colon Skin, Cancers) Anti-Tumor,(Skin, colon, liver Tumor), Anti-Carcinogenic in-vitro, in-vivo various cells lines, Animal clinical trail studies.(detail showen in Fig. 2: A, B, C, D and Table 1, 2 & 3, Sr.N0.-8).

FIG. 2: ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATE (BURM. F.) WALL, A. WHOLE PLANT, B.- FRESH STEMS, LEAVES WITH FLOWER, C.- FRESH FLOWER PART, D.- DRIED STEMS, LEAVES, FLOWERS PART   

Mulathi/Jethimadhand Asl-us-soos (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.): Glycyrrhiza is a genus of about 20 accepted species in the legume family (Fabaceae), with a subcosmopolitan distribution in Asia, Australia, Europe, and the Americas. The genus is best known for liquorice (British English; licorice in American English), G.glabra, a specie native to Eurasia and North Africa, from which most confectionery liquorice is produced.

Habitat: The licorice root is native to Southeastern Europe and cultivated in most of Europe. It prefers the open, dry areas with rich soil. It was first harvested from the wild until it was cultivated one thousand years ago.

Description: The olant is a perennial herb, growing to1m in height, with pinnate leaves about 7-15cm (2.8-5.9 in) long, with 9-17 leaflets. The flowers are 0.8-1.2 cm (103-102 in) long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, 2-3 cm (3.4-11.6 in) long, containing several seeds. The roots are stoloniferous. In Glycyrrhiza glabra reported and present Glycyrrhezic acid, 18 β-Glycyrrhetic acid, Glycyrrhizin, Anethole (3%to total volatile), Iso-flavone Glabreneonl, Iso-flavone glaberidin, Licochalcone-A, licoagrochalcone etc. are active phytochemical constituents marker compounds have shown and confirmed Anti-Cancers  (Human Breast, Prostate, and Colon ,Skin, lung, Stomach and Kidney cancer Cancers) Anti-Tumor, (Breast, Skin, Colon, Tumor), Anti-Carcinogenic activities Confirmed by in-vitro, in-vivo various cells lines, Animal clinical trail studies. (detail showen in Fig. 3: A, B, C, D and Table 1, 2 & 3, Sr.N0.-9).

FIG. 3: GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA L., A. WHOLE PLANT, B. FRESH LEAVES WITH STEMS, C. FRESH FLOWER PART, D. DRIED STEM PART    

TABLE 1: BOTANICAL /SCIENTIFIC AND LOCAL/ASU NAME OF STUDY PLANTS

TABLE 2: MEDICINAL AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL, USES OF STUDIED MEDICINAL PLANTS

TABLE 3: IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO ANTICANCER AND ANTI TUMOR STUDIES SELECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS

CONCLUSION: The selective medicinal plants - Withania somnifera, Andrographis paniculata and Glycyrrhiza glabra were extensively discussed and reviewed in this article which possess remarkable remedial properties against cancers and tumors. However, further extensive research is necessary to investigate their efficacy in in-vivo cancer cell lines, animal studies, human clinical trials, research and development, and the design of novel bioactive compounds. These plants contain various bioactive marker compounds that have a rich medicinal potential for anti-cancer and anti-tumor activities. It is possible to synthetically produce these potent and effective compounds on a large scale. Consequently, there is a pressing need and increasing demand to explore and manufacture newer herbal extract-based drugs derived from these medicinal plants, which offer significant potential for curing and managing cancer and tumor diseases worldwide.

Traditional herbs and medicinal plants have been used in Asian countries, including India, for centuries to prevent and treat various ailments, including cancers and tumors, due to their therapeutic properties. These ASU drugs provide therapeutic benefits without significant adverse side effects or toxicity. In conclusion, the findings of this review suggest that these drugs hold promise in ensuring complete assurance and prevention in the treatment of dangerous and painful cancers and tumors, thereby positively impacting public health. The article presents authentic database information on certain plants with reported anti-cancer and anti-tumor activities, both in in-vitro and in-vivo cell line studies. It serves as a valuable reference for researchers to further explore the potential of herbs in future studies, including novel drug discovery, the development of pharmacopoeial standards, research on related diseases, toxicity studies, and advanced pharmacological and clinical trial research.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: I am heartly grateful and very thankful to our research council Director General Dr. N. Zaheer Ahmed, CCRUM, D-Block, Janakpuri, New Delhi( Ministry of AYUSH) and Sr. Scientist, Dr. Raj Kumar, Scientist -E,Head of the Deptt. Radiation and Biotechnology Division, INMAS, DRDO, (Ministry of Defence), Timarpur, New Delhi as well as our Research Institute Incharge, Dr. Asma sattar khan, Resaerch Officer (Chemistry), Scientist-IV, Drug Standardization Research Institute, (CCRUM., Ministry of AYUSH.), PCIM&H, Campus, Kamlanehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, U.P., India who have time to time provide valuable scientific and research guidance and extreamly supports for succufully conducted and completed this very important review research studies which have very useful to our nation and public health, wellness ascpects.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: Nil

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    How to cite this article:

    Sagar PK, Khan AS and Kashyap S: Useful medicinal plants having anti-cancerous and anti-tumorous medicinal potential of Withania somnifera (L.) dunai, Androgarphis paniculata (burm.f.) nees and Glycyrrhiza globra (L.). Int J Pharm Sci & Res 2023; 14(7):3221-30. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(7).3221-30.

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