β- SITOSTEROL: ANALYTICAL PROFILE AND COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Phytosterols, a subclass of steroids, have gained considerable attention in scientific research and nutrition due to their potential health benefits. This article presents an overview of phytosterols, encompassing their sources, chemistry, extraction methods, analytical techniques, and biological activities. Phytosterols, structurally resembling cholesterol, are found abundantly in plants, animals, and fungi. Their physiological roles include influencing membrane fluidity and acting as second messengers in signal transduction pathways. Incorporating phytosterol-rich foods into the diet has been linked to various health benefits, particularly in reducing cholesterol levels, as recognized by regulatory bodies like the European Food Safety Authority and the FDA. The article discusses various extraction methods for phytosterols, emphasizing the need for environmentally friendly approaches to minimize the use of organic solvents. Traditional techniques such as Soxhlet extraction are effective but pose health and environmental concerns, driving the exploration of alternative extraction technologies. Phytosterol chemistry, characterized by specific carbon atoms and side chains, is explored, highlighting their steroid structure and different forms in nature. Analytical methods such as gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS) are discussed for identifying and quantifying phytosterols, with HPLC-MS being particularly sensitive and selective. The article concludes with an examination of the diverse biological activities of phytosterols, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer effects. The potential therapeutic applications of prominent phytosterols like β-sitosterol are also explored. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive overview of phytosterols, emphasizing their importance in nutrition and health, and the need for sustainable extraction methods to maximize their benefits.