IN DEPTH STUDY ABOUT CHROMOSOMAL NON-DISJUNCTION IN A BRIEF REVIEW

Chromosomal non-disjunction is a pivotal error in cell division where chromosomes fall to separate properly during meiosis or mitosis, resulting in an abnormal number of chromosomes, the condition is known as aneuploidy. This phenomenon has significant consequences for human health, as it underpins several kinds of genetic disease, such as Downsyndrome, Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. Non-disjunction may occur during mitosis, Meiosis-I or meiosis-II and various factors influence how sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes segregate. Maternal age is a significant risk factor, spicily for neostick non-disjunction triggered by prolonged oocyte stoppage in Prophase-I. Additional causes environmental and genetic and epigenetic alterations in cohesinproteins. Non-disjunction can cause developmental issues, miscarriages, mosaicism and chromosomal instability in cancer. The diagnosis of aneuploidy has increased due to advances in diagnostic procedure such as Karyotyping, Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and non-invasive prenatal testing. Preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) and genetic counselling provide at risk families with preventive measures. Despite advancement in understanding the molecular causes and effects treatment options remains limited. Continued study is needed to understand the complexity of non-disjunction and to determined appropriate treatment. The present research emphasizes on the molecular principles, causal variables and clinical effects of chromosomal non-disjunction forcing on its significant in medical genetics and reproduction. Improved awareness and diagnostic capabilities will improve patient care while providing in sighting into the future preventive and therapeutic treatments.