PHOTONIC, OPTICAL, SENSOR, ELECTROANALYTICAL PROPERTIES OF NOVEL COMPOUNDS AND THEIR HYBRID NANOSTRUCTURES

Hybrid nanomaterials, formed through the deliberate integration of nanomaterials with complementary organic, inorganic, or polymeric components at the atomic or nanometer scale, have emerged as promising platforms for advanced functional applications. This review aims to critically examine recent developments in novel hybrid nanostructures, with a particular focus on their physicochemical properties and relevance to sensor and biosensor technologies. Key thematic areas covered include the design strategies of hybrid systems, their electrochemical, photonic, and sensing characteristics, and the role of material synergy in achieving enhanced or entirely new functionalities that are unattainable with individual components alone. Advances across related disciplines such as polymer science, organic and inorganic synthesis, surface science, nanotechnology, and biomolecular chemistry have significantly accelerated the rational development of these hybrid materials. The review highlights how tailored material combinations enable precise modulation of nanoparticle properties, leading to improved sensitivity, selectivity, and performance in sensing applications. Overall, this article underscores the potential of hybrid nanomaterials as versatile and tunable platforms, offering valuable insights for future research and technological innovation in sensor and biosensor development.