OPSONIZATION AS A LONG CIRCULATORY APPROACH: A CHALLENGE IN DRUG DELIVERY

Opsonisation is the process of coating infections with antibodies to make them more receptive to phagocyte ingestion. Opsonization is a crucial step in host defence that prepares particles or complexes for easy ingestion by phagocytic cells. It has been acknowledged that activated macrophages could proactively capture opsonized nanoparticles in the bloodstream and then accumulate in the reticuloendothelial system (RES) organs. Based on this fact, a trapping strategy is proposed, transforming a normal nanoparticle into an opsonized attractant to target and regulate macrophage polarization. Developing an effective therapeutic approach against systemic infections linked to chronic immunodeficiency illness presents a significant problem for medical practitioners. Long circulatory carrier systems provide a practical substitute for dealing with the problems caused by systemic infections. The pathophysiology of opsonization is when the process is not occurring. Opsonization fights off foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses, supports self-tolerance, and inhibits autoimmunity. Self-tolerance is the ability of the immune system to recognize its self-antigens without mounting a response. However, the extent to which the carrier system has obscured the operationalization process will determine whether the above technique is clinically effective. Molecular weight, lipophilicity, antigenicity, size, shape, biochemical nature, and other factors have all been found to have a significant impact on the opsonization process. This examination links the opsonization method and the carrier system formulation strategy.