Volume 17 (2026) - Issue 10, October
Review Articles
GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS IN OBESITY MANAGEMENT: MECHANISMS, PHARMACOKINETICS AND THE THERAPEUTIC OUTCOMES
Obesity is a chronic, complex disorder with a rapidly increasing global incidence, affecting both children and adults and significantly contributing to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditures. It is strongly associated with noncommunicable diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other cancers. Obesity's pathophysiology is complex, including appetite dysregulation, ener...
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NEUROINFLAMMATION IN DIABETIC ENCEPHALOPATHY: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS, BIOMARKERS, AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC TARGETS
Diabetic encephalopathy is an increasingly recognized neurological complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by progressive cognitive decline, structural brain alterations, and impaired neuronal function. Although observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance disrupt cerebral metabolic home...
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ALLICIN IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA: MECHANISTIC INSIGHTS INTO ROS-MEDIATED APOPTOSIS AND POTENTIAL P53-INDEPENDENT ANTICANCER EFFECTS
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant health problem and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, mainly because of delayed diagnosis and the presence of multiple clones and a lack of effective treatment. Targeted therapies and immunotherapy offer limited survival gains, and often result in drug resistance, toxicity and high expense. One of the major factors that contributes t...
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REDEFINING BIOAVAILABILITY OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA THERAPY USING NANOSUSPENSION-BASED APPROACHES
Schizophrenia, a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder, requires long-term administration of antipsychotic drugs, many of which suffer from poor aqueous solubility and low oral bioavailability. These pharmacokinetic limitations often result in subtherapeutic exposure, variable patient responses, and an increased risk of non-compliance. Nanosuspension-based drug delivery has emerged as a promising stra...
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NSAIDS AS EMERGING PHARMACEUTICAL POLLUTANTS: IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
One of the widely prescribed medicines around the world is NSAIDs, which may continuously contaminate the environment as a result of domestic wastewater, hospital effluents, and pharmaceutical industry effluents owing to poor efficacy in removing such pollutants from the environment by the applied treatment methods. It results in pollution of both soil and aquatic environments, thereby increasing ...
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ADVANCED HERBAL HAIR THERAPY: A NANOPARTICLE-DRIVEN MODERN APPROACH
Hair disorders, including alopecia, dandruff, scalp inflammation, and hair thinning, are among the most common conditions affecting hair and scalp health, often impacting both physical appearance and psychological well-being. Increasing consumer preference for natural and plant-derived products has renewed interest in herbal hair-care formulations, while advances in nanotechnology have provided in...
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A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW: STUDY ON SCIENTIFIC VALIDATION OF AYURVEDIC MARKETED FORMULATIONS
One of the earliest traditional medical systems, Ayurveda, has become well-known around the world for its extensive use of herbal formulations and holistic treatment approach. Concerns about quality, safety, effectiveness, repeatability, and standardisation continue to be significant obstacles despite the growing commercialisation of Ayurvedic goods. Therefore, in order to prove the legitimacy of ...
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A REVIEW ON SLN-INCORPORATED TRANSDERMAL PATCHES FOR PCOS TREATMENT
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder and a leading cause of anovulatory infertility in women of reproductive age. Conventional oral therapies, such as clomiphene citrate, are often limited by poor bioavailability, first-pass metabolism, systemic side effects, and reduced patient compliance. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have introduced solid lipid nanoparticle...
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INTRANASAL POLYHERBAL NANOEMULSION- BASED DRUG DELIVERY FOR BRAIN TARGETING: A PROMISING STRATEGY FOR MIGRAINE THERAPY
Migraine is a multifactorial neurovascular disorder involving activation of the trigeminovascular system, cortical spreading depression (CSD), neurogenic inflammation, and dysregulation of calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) signaling. Conventional oral and parenteral therapies are limited by brain penetration, first-pass metabolism, and systemic adverse effects. The review highlights a polyher...
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SOLID DISPERSIONS FOR SUBLINGUAL DRUG DELIVERY: AN UNDEREXPLORED STRATEGY FOR RAPID ONSET AND IMPROVED BIOAVAILABILITY
Rapid, reliable sublingual medication absorption is nevertheless hampered by poor water solubility and sluggish breakdown. However, by employing hydrophilic carriers to disperse the drug with limited water solubility in the hydrophilic matrix, improving the wettability and rate of dissolution and raising the bioavailability of drug with limited aqueous solubility, solid dispersion technology can e...
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Research Articles
BIOACTIVITY AND SAFETY OF HYDRO-ETHANOLIC ZANTHOXYLUM HUMILE
Introduction: Zanthoxylum humile, a medicinal plant belonging to the Rutaceae family, has been used for many years in traditional medicine to treat various illnesses. Zanthoxylum plants have been used to treat infections caused by parasites (malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and other parasitic diseases), as well as sickle cell disease, tumors, and bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. H...
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BIOACTIVITY AND SAFETY EVALUATION OF LYOPHILIZED HYDROETHANOLIC CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS EXTRACT
This study examined the phytochemical composition, bioactivity, and biosafety of the hydroethanolic extract of Cissus quadrangularis, a plant traditionally employed in the management of diabetes mellitus. Phytochemical analysis identified a rich presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds, with the ethanolic fraction yielding a high total phenolic content (60.96 mg GAE/g)...
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FORMULATION, DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF FEBUXOSTAT LOADED FAST MOUTH DISSOLVING STRIP FOR THE TREATMENT OF GOUT
This study’s objective is to formulate and develop a fast mouth dissolving strip which will contains a febuxostat as an API against gout disease. This strip is made by utilizing solvent casting method. To the manufacturing of febuxostat fast mouth dissolving strip, a two-factor (23) factorial design was used. The independent factors for the fast mouth dissolving strip were percentage of HPMC and...
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PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF LANTANA CAMARA L. AND PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L. FROM THE ARAVALLI HILLS OF RAJASTHAN
Lantana camara Linn. and Parthenium hysterophorus Linn. are among the invasive species of Arvalii Hills. The present study documents the comparison between the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant activity of these Invasive alien species (IAS). Leaf and flower samples of the plants were subjected to different solvents for extraction. The qualitative phytochemical creening of the plant sample...
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DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF KYNURENIC ACID-BASED ERBIUM(III) COMPLEXES: CORRELATING COORDINATION FEATURES WITH ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY
A series of rare-earth metal complexes incorporating a Kynurenic acid ligand were successfully synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, molar conductance measurements, and spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, UV–Visible, and Mass spectroscopy. The analytical and spectral data confirmed the coordination of the ligand to the metal ions through the donor atoms, leading to the f...
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PHARMACOGNOSTIC STANDARDIZATION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILING OF ROOT BARK OF PAJANELIA LONGIFOLIA AND RADERMACHERA XYLOCARPA, TWO LESS-KNOWN ETHNOMEDICINAL TREES OF BIGNONIACEAE
Pharmacognostic evaluation becomes a simple and reliable method for the authentication of crude herbal drugs, once the morphological characters are lost during processing. This study presents a comprehensive pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and elemental characterization of the root bark of two ethnomedicinally important but underexplored trees- Pajanelia longifolia and Radermachera xylocarpa of ...
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LABORATORY-SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF NORFLOXACIN-LOADED POLYMERIC OCUSERTS PREPARED BY SOLVENT CASTING METHOD
Background: Conventional ophthalmic dosage forms are associated with rapid precorneal clearance, tear dilution, blinking, nasolacrimal drainage, and short ocular residence time, which may reduce ocular drug bioavailability. Polymeric ocuserts are laboratory-scale ocular inserts designed to provide comparatively prolonged residence and controlled drug release under in-vitro conditions. Objective: T...
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GREEN ANALYTICAL APPROACH FOR DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN HPTLC METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM AND ITS GREENNESS ASSESSMENT
Objective: The present study aimed to develop and validate a simple, rapid and environmentally acceptable HPTLC method for the quantitative estimation of bupropion hydrochloride in tablet dosage form and to evaluate its greenness profile using AGREE, GAPI, NEMI and Analytical Eco-scale tools. Methods: Chromatographic separation was achieved on silica gel 60 F254 precoated aluminium plates using me...
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BIOACTIVITY AND BIOSAFETY ASSESSMENT OF CASSIA ABBREVIATA
Cancer presents an escalating public health crisis and a significant barrier to life expectancy in Zimbabwe. Conventional oncological treatments face severe constraints in domestic healthcare facilities due to limited funding, diagnostic equipment deficits, and unreliable medicine supply chains. This study evaluates the phytochemical profile, in-vivo acute oral safety, and in-vitro anti-inflammato...
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DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A GREEN STABILITY-INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR VONOPRAZAN FUMARATE WITH AGREE-BASED GREENNESS ASSESSMENT
Aim: The present study aimed to develop and validate a simple, rapid, accurate, precise, stability-indicating, and environmentally friendly RP-HPLC method for the quantitative estimation of Vonoprazan Fumarate (VPZ) in pharmaceutical dosage forms and to evaluate its greenness using AGREE-based assessment tools. Study Design: Experimental analytical method development and validation study based on ...
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QUALITY OF LIFE AND TREATMENT SATISFACTION AMONG PATIENTS RECEIVING SIDDHA CARE IN A SPECIAL OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Non-communicable diseases account for 41 million deaths globally and 5.2 million deaths in India. Siddha interventions for diabetes, asthma, and hypertension have been provided at Government Siddha Medical College and Hospital (GSMCH), Palayamkottai. Evaluation of Quality of Life (QoL) and treatment satisfaction is important to assess patient-centered outcomes of integrative care. Obje...
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EVALUATION OF PRESCRIBING PATTERN OF ANTI-MICROBIAL AGENTS USED IN OPHTHALMOLOGY OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT AT TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Introduction: Many antimicrobials have been developed for eye infections in the past years. The purpose of drug utilization studies is to examine the prescribing habits of ophthalmologists in a tertiary care teaching hospital. They are a subset of pharmaco-epidemiological exercise. Aim and Objective: To analyze pattern of antimicrobial drugs at ophthalmology OPD. Method: This was observational stu...
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DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A DENSITOMETRIC HPTLC METHOD FOR QUANTIFICATION OF OPUNTIOL IN OPUNTIA ELATIOR MILL.
Opuntiol is a biologically active flavonol present in Opuntia elatior Mill. (Cactaceae) that exhibits significant pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Reliable analytical methods are therefore required for the quantitative estimation in plant extracts and pharmaceutical preparations. The present study aimed to develop and validate a rapid, sens...
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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF MEDICATED LOLLIPOP USING CALCIUM CARBONATE
Calcium carbonate is a pharmacopoeially recognised pharmaceutical agent used in the management of calcium deficiency, hyperphosphataemia, and acid-peptic disorders. Conventional oral solid dosage forms such as tablets are associated with patient compliance challenges, particularly in paediatric and geriatric populations due to swallowing difficulties and poor palatability. Medicated lollipops repr...
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EFFECT OF A TRADITIONAL GARCINIA CAMBOGIA–BASED FUNCTIONAL FOOD INTERVENTION ON BODY COMPOSITION, METABOLIC PARAMETERS, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG YOUNG WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: A 12-WEEK PRE-POST INTERVENTION STUDY
Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder among women of reproductive age and is frequently associated with obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia, and impaired psychological well-being. Lifestyle modification remains the first-line approach for PCOS management. Traditional food-based interventions incorporating Garcinia cambogia have attracted i...
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BIOSYNTHESIS OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES MEDIATED BY FICUS SYCOMORUS FOR THE PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF WART-RELEVANT BIOLOGICAL ENDPOINTS
Cutaneous warts are common benign proliferative lesions caused by human papillomavirus and remain a therapeutic challenge because of recurrence, cost, and limited accessibility of some conventional treatments. This study evaluated the phytochemical profile, preliminary anti-inflammatory activity, and feasibility of green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using hydroethanolic leaf extract ...
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PRESCRIPTION PATTERN ANALYSIS USING WHO AWARE GUIDELINE OF ANTIBIOTICS USED AMONG IN-PATIENTS IN DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN UPPER ASSAM – A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is largely caused by the irrational and inappropriate use of antibiotics. To encourage sensible antibiotic prescription and enhance antimicrobial stewardship, the WHO established the AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) categorization and also\ to uncover irrational prescribing practices. Objectives: To assess antibiotic prescribing patterns and compliance with...
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INVESTIGATION OF GREEN UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC TECHNIQUES FOR SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SELECTED FIXED-DOSE COMBINATION
The binary mixture of Linagliptin (LINA) with Empagliflozin (EMPA) in fixed dose combination was selected with the aim to develop and rigorously validate simple yet reliable UV spectrophotometric methods which are specific, precise and accurate for their simultaneous quantification. Two UV spectrophotometric methods, namely Ratio Subtraction and Extended Ratio Subtraction (RS-ERS) and Ratio Subtra...
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FORMULATION AND IN-VITRO EVALUATION OF A POLYHERBAL TOPICAL GEL CONTAINING AZADIRACHTA INDICA, OCIMUM SANCTUM AND PIPER BETLE EXTRACTS FOR ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
Background: Superficial fungal infections are common, recurrent and increasingly associated with prolonged therapy and reduced response to conventional antifungal treatment. Herbal topical gels may be explored as preliminary formulation platforms for localized antifungal screening. Objective: To formulate and evaluate a polyherbal topical gel containing hydroethanolic leaf extracts of Azadirachta ...
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COMPILATION OF YOUNG PATIENTS WITH RARE PRESENTATION UNDERGOING RADICAL MULTIVISCERAL SURGICAL RESECTIONS AND RECONSTRUCTION
Background: Multivisceral surgical resections (MVR) are highly specialised procedures involving the surgical resection of multiple organs or tissue groups within the thorax, abdominal and pelvic cavities. Here we describe a series of patients who underwent complex major mutivisceral resections unique in their type in the world literature. Materials and Methods: Case 1: Patient underwent Subtotal S...
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OPTIMISING EXPIRY DATE MANAGEMENT IN RETAIL PHARMACIES TO MINIMISE WASTE AND ENHANCE EFFICIENCY IN ZIMBABWE
Background: Expiry of medicines in retail pharmacies wastes money, endangers patients and harms the environment, yet the drivers of this loss remain poorly characterised in Zimbabwe. Aim: This study assessed expiry date management practices and compliance levels among supervisors of registered retail pharmacies in Zimbabwe, identified the operational and regulatory factors contributing to medicine...
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DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF RASAGILINE MESYLATE TRANSDERMAL PATCHES BY USING CENTRAL COMPOSITE DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, IN-VITRO AND EX-VIVO STUDIES
Objective: Rasagiline mesylate (RM) is an effective BCS class III act as a potent, irreversible monoamine oxidase- B (MAO-B) inhibitor, mainly used to treat Parkinson’s disease. It has low permeability and low oral bioavailability (35%). To overcome these disadvantages and to maintain constant plasma concentration for maximum therapeutic activity, there is a need to design an alternative route i...
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COMPARATIVE IN-VITRO ANTICANCER EFFICACY EVALUATION: CASSIA ABBREVIATE MEDIATED COPPER-DOPED MAGNESIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES VSCRUDE AQUEOUS BARK EXTRACT.
Background: In Zimbabwe, green synthesis of nanoparticles has recently drawn much attention due to its eco-friendliness, biocompatibility, and capability to augment the healing properties of medicinal plants. Cassia abbreviata (Muremberembe) is a cardinal Zimbabwean traditional medicinal plant used to manage various conditions. However, there is limited scientific evidence on the antiproliferative...
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AYURVEDA MANAGEMENT OF RECURRENT BRONCHOPNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN: A CASE REPORT
Bronchopneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children under 5 years of age. Recurrent respiratory infections, significantly affect a child’s quality of life. Although bronchopneumonia has no direct equivalent in Ayurveda, its clinical manifestations like Kasa (cough), Peenasa (rhinitis), Nishteevana (expectoration), Ghurghurakam (wheezing), and Shwasakrichrata (difficulty i...
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IMIDAZOLIDINEDIONE AND STRUCTURALLY RELATED COMPOUNDS AS POSSIBLE HUMAN MAO-B INHIBITORS FOR PARKINSON’S DISEASE: AN IN-SILICO ASSESSMENT
The study described here is based on an in-silico approach to rank seven thiazolo-imidazoles and similar compounds, selected using Chem-mimic and PubChem similarity indices, for Parkinson's disease bioactivity, with the receptor target PDB ID 2V5Z. An AI-based approach using DiffDock-L and Alfa Flow NeuroSnap AI was used for docking and dynamic simulation studies. Sprint-AI was used for ranking an...
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