Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2025 in |
Background: Pharmacogenomics, a cornerstone of precision medicine, studies genetic variations that influence individual drug responses. By leveraging genomic technologies, it enables personalized medicine, optimizing drug efficacy and reducing adverse effects. Objective: This review provides a comprehensive overview of pharmacogenomics, examining its scientific principles, technological advancements, clinical applications, and associated challenges, alongside emerging trends like AI and big data. Methods: A systematic literature review of recent peer-reviewed studies, clinical research, and regulatory reports was conducted using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. Key Findings: Pharmacogenomics focuses on genetic variability in drug metabolism (e.g., CYP450 enzymes), driving personalized therapies. Clinical successes in oncology, cardiology, psychiatry, and infectious diseases underscore its benefits. Advances in next-generation sequencing, GWAS, and bioinformatics tools like PharmGKB have propelled research and clinical integration. However, challenges include rare gene-drug interactions, high costs, healthcare disparities, and ethical concerns related to genetic data. Future directions emphasize gene-editing technologies, diverse population studies, and AI-driven discoveries. Conclusion: Pharmacogenomics offers transformative potential for healthcare through individualized therapies. However, its widespread clinical...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2025 in |
This article explores the transformation of pharmaceutical research and development by the combination of digital twins and generative artificial intelligence (AI), especially in drug discovery. It highlights various cases that illustrate the increasing use of digital twins of biological systems alongside generative AI algorithms to speed up the identification of new drugs. This approach involves simulating vast chemical landscapes and predicting molecular properties, which facilitates the discovery of novel compounds that may have previously been overlooked. By leveraging computational models and machine learning, researchers can design targeted compounds, refine potential therapy candidates, and simulate their interactions within complex biological environments. This method accelerates the identification of promising drug candidates while predicting their efficacy and safety more efficiently, without extensive in-vivo testing. Furthermore, digital twins allow for a more personalized approach to drug development, enhancing the chances of success for specific patient groups. This cutting-edge methodology presents significant opportunities to streamline drug development processes, lower costs, and ultimately improve patient outcomes by delivering more effective treatments. However, the integration of...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2025 in |
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a transient cardiac condition characterized by acute left ventricular dysfunction. While traditionally considered a left ventricular disorder, growing evidence suggests that right ventricular (RV) involvement is more common and clinically significant than initially thought. This review provides a comprehensive overview of RV involvement in TTC, focusing on its prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and management considerations. Recent studies estimate the prevalence of RV involvement in TTC at 25-50% of cases. The pathophysiology is complex, involving catecholamine surge, microvascular dysfunction, and ventricular interdependence. RV involvement is associated with worse clinical outcomes, including higher mortality and complication rates. Diagnosis relies on multimodal imaging, primarily echocardiography and cardiac MRI, along with biomarkers and hemodynamic assessment. Management of TTC with RV involvement requires a tailored approach, balancing supportive care with potential need for mechanical circulatory support. Challenges in diagnosis and management include differentiating from other conditions and limited RV-specific therapies. Special populations, such as the elderly and those with chronic lung disease, present unique considerations. Recent advances in...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2025 in |
Cardiac sarcoidosis, a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas, poses significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its variable clinical presentation and potential for severe complications. This article reviews recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac sarcoidosis, emphasizing the importance of early recognition and intervention. Diagnostic strategies have evolved, incorporating advanced imaging modalities such as cardiac MRI and PET-CT scans, alongside endomyocardial biopsy for definitive confirmation. Treatment options have expanded beyond conventional immunosuppression to include targeted therapies and device-based interventions like implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for arrhythmia management. The impact of timely diagnosis on patient outcomes underscores the critical role of heightened clinical suspicion and interdisciplinary collaboration among cardiologists, pulmonologists, and rheumatologists. This review consolidates current evidence and expert recommendations to guide clinicians in optimizing care for patients with cardiac sarcoidosis, highlighting ongoing research efforts aimed at further improving diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2025 in |
Smart drug delivery systems are a key innovation in pharmaceutical technology that aims to enhance the efficacy and safety of therapeutic interventions. These systems integrate advanced materials, microelectronics, and responsive mechanisms to deliver drugs in a controlled, targeted, and adaptive manner. The development of smart drug delivery systems is driven by the need to improve patient compliance, minimize side effects, and optimize therapeutic outcomes. These cutting-edge delivery systems utilize various medication carriers, including nanoparticle systems such as inorganic nanoparticles (e.g., magnetic nanoparticles and quantum dots), monoclonal antibodies, microspheres, dendrimers, liposomes, and lipoproteins. The potential of smart drug delivery systems to revolutionize personalized medicine and improve treatment paradigms is critically analyzed. This paper reviews recent innovations in smart drug delivery, highlighting key technologies such as nanoparticle-based carriers, polymeric systems, and stimuli-responsive delivery platform. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of drug release, such as pH-sensitive, temperature-sensitive, and biologically triggered systems. Additionally, the integration of real-time monitoring and feedback mechanisms is explored, illustrating how these systems can adjust drug release rates...
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