Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2017 in |
Impurities will be present in all drug substances and drug products, i.e. nothing is 100% pure if one looks in enough depth. The current regulatory guidance on impurities accepts this, and for drug products with a dose of less than 2 g/day identification of impurities is set at 0.1% levels and above (ICH Q3B (R2), 2006). For some impurities, this is a simple undertaking as generally available analytical techniques can address the prevailing analytical challenges; whereas, for others this may be much more challenging requiring more sophisticated analytical approaches. The present review provides an insight into current development of analytical techniques to investigate and quantify impurities in drug substances and drug products providing discussion of progress particular within the field of chromatography to ensure separation of and quantification of those related impurities. Further, a section is devoted to the identification of classical impurities, but in addition, inorganic (metal residues) and solid state impurities are also discussed. Risk control strategies for pharmaceutical impurities aligned with several of the ICH guidelines,...
Read More
Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2017 in |
Intra nasal drug delivery system (INDDS) has emerged as a non- invasive alternative for delivering peptides, proteins and other therapeutic agents, specifically to CNS (Central nervous system). This route is well suitable for systemic delivery because of high vasculature, permeability, elimination of hepatic first pass metabolism and low enzymatic environment of the nasal cavity. This route of delivery is especially suited to treat CNS disorders like – neurodegenerative diseases, mood disorders, cognitive dysfunctioning etc., due to drugs ability to directly reach the brain by passing blood brain barrier (BBB). It is also a well suited delivery route for the biotechnological products like DNA plasmids, hormone, proteins, peptides, DNA vaccines to give enhanced bioavailability. A wide variety of therapeutic compounds may be administered intra-nasally for topical, systemic and CNS disorders. In this review, we have focussed on the nasal passage anatomical pathway leading to CNS drug delivery, different factors affecting nasal absorption, bioavailability barriers, vaccines and other therapeutic, biologically active molecules delivered via intra nasal route and strategies to improve...
Read More
Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2017 in |
Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever (also known as enteric fever, but collectively referred here as typhoid Fevers) are severe systemic illnesses characterized by sustained fever and abdominal symptoms. Treatment of typhoid fever becomes difficult by the development of multi-drug resistant of typhoid organisms especially to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and chloramphenicol. In recent years, gradual development of resistance to fluoroquinolones has resulted in more challenges. Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Co-trimoxazole, Ampicillin, Chloram-phenicol, Azithromycin can be used for the treatment with the antibiotic susceptibility test. But difficulties arise with the culture negative (i.e. unidentified febrile illness). A larger study enrolling 10153 patients in Bheri Zonal Hospital and Nepalgunj Medical College in western Nepal reported that 23.45% and 31.77% cases respectively were most prevalent during June-August season. An antibiotic susceptibility was also carried out in B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan eastern Nepal, reported that none of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Researchers reported that in Patan hospital no characteristics clearly distinguished typhus patients from those with blood culture-positive...
Read More
Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2017 in |
For certain people, heart disease treatment can be achieved without surgery. Angioplasty and stend placement are the common, non-surgical procedures that can be used to open the blocked heart arteries. This technique involves five different procedures including: Percutaneous coronary angioplasty, Peripheral angioplasty, Carotid angioplasty, Renal angioplasty and Venous angioplasty. Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has been proposed as another option to surgery and is presently performed more frequently and is all around accepted, at least for high surgical risk patients. However, complications and particularly embolic strokes, even with a meticulous technique in all the procedures, can occur at any step of the procedure. To avoid and reduce these complications associated with angioplasty, it is important to have good indications dependent upon good patient and lesions selection, as well as correct technique. Patients with diabetes and 70% blocked arteries are not recommended for angioplasty. Though it is regarded as the safest, effective and of less cost it has several complications associated such as restenosis, heart attack, ventricular fibrillation, myocardial infarction,...
Read More
Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2017 in |
The requirement of drug resistance regularly to plague Tuberculosis control, with vast increase in the spreading of MDR-TB. It can act as a gateway to XDR-TB and then emphasis on the urgency for new drug development and optimal treatment option for Tuberculosis therapy. In this study, we assess the recommending for using Rifabutin (RFB) instead of rifampicin (RIF). The objective of this study and built to shortening and efficient treatment time. This mechanism is resistance result in an efflux of various anti TB drugs from the infected bacterial cell, resultant decreasing the intracellular drug in the bacterial cell. Bacillus reverts the antibiotic treatment ineffective. Mycobacterial efflux pumps may have originally served to protect against environmental toxins, in the pathogenic mycobacteria they seems to have been repurposed for intracellular growth. On the above fact, we discuss the potential of efflux pump inhibitors such as either natural or synthetic to shorten tuberculosis treatment by their dual inhibition of resistance and growth. It has significant clinical implications, especially in MDR-TB management where...
Read More
