Posted by admin on Feb 28, 2017 in |
The human skin serves as an impediment, a thermo regulator and prevents excessive loss of water from the internal organs. Various ways of transferring the drugs have been developed by modifying the barrier properties of the skin. Enhancement in skin penetration by hydration of the stratum corneum, or by use of chemical enhancers acting on the lipids and keratinized structures in the stratum corneum, partitioning and solubility effects is a promising tool in potential clinical applications. Penetration enhancement is a new emerging technology which has the potential to increase the number of drugs taken trans-dermally. Also the drugs with short biological half-life could be easily administered. Among many advantages over other routes the three crucial ones are avoiding metabolism in liver, minimal negative effects and increased bioavailability. Also, the stratum corneum prevents the loss of physiologically essential substances and as a result provides penetration resistance by acting as a protective barrier. This is the rate limiting step in the absorption of the drug percutaneously. In this review article, we...
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Posted by admin on Feb 28, 2017 in |
AEG-1 expression is known to elevate in diverse cancers, where it plays a primary role in activating multiple signaling pathways that drives copious oncogenic properties. The versatile role of AEG-1 in mediating oncogenesis was found to be cognate with numerous signaling cascades such as the activation of NF-κB/p65, Ha‑Ras, PI3K/Akt, ERK/MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, AURKA and RNAi pathways. In addition, recent clinical studies reveal that AEG-1 interaction with SND1/AGO2 in RISC may stimulate oncogenic transformation. The defeat of AEG-1 leads to PARP cleavage catalyzed by caspase-3, a key process in mediating apoptosis in AEG-1 expressed cancer cells. Moreover, AEG-1 confers chemo-résistance of cancer cells by inducing autophagy. In recent past, there are several studies reveal that AEG-1 down regulation inhibits chemo-resistance and oncogenic properties of various cancers. With this background, this review will address the multifaceted role of AEG-1 as oncogene and stipulating its potential to become a new therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker for the treatment of...
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Posted by admin on Feb 28, 2017 in |
The glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme superfamilies detoxify a wide-range of toxic chemicals and environmental substances are extensively expressed in mammalian tissues. Liver and pancreas are the sites where cytosolic Phase I and phase II biotransformation GSTs enzymes have characteristic expression. GSTs play a key role in the deactivation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the metabolism of lipids, chemotherapeutic agents. GSTs are mainly involved in conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) with diverse substrates specificity and it is possible that genetic variations in these enzymes will influence cellular response to the environmental agents. GSTs are overexpressed in response to a chemical or oxidative stress as an adaptive physiology and upregulated in cancerous state of organ or tissue. GSTs are essentially involved in susceptibility to various forms of cancer as they are vital in detoxification mechanism to metabolize the environmental carcinogens. GSTM1 encodes for a class mu GST isoenzyme involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detoxification. The substrates of GSTM1 include benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(c)phenanthrene, benzo(g)chrysene and other carcinogens. They can catalyze in-vitro...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2017 in |
Anxiety is a persistent feeling of dread, apprehension and impending disaster, or tension and uneasiness. The reported prevalence rates of psychiatric morbidity in the Indian industrial population range from 14-37%. Anxiety disorders may develop from a complex set of risk factors including genetics, brain chemistry, personality and life events. It is a specific class of psychopathology characterized by future-oriented apprehension and elevated threat value associated with physical, social, and mental stimuli. According to multiple-systems, individual shows different types of symptoms i.e. Cognitive, Physiological and Behavioral during anxiety. Abnormal functioning of neurochemicals as well as abnormal chemoreceptor reactivity leads to anxiety. There are various neurotransmitters that are involved in anxiety such as serotonin, glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid, Cholecystokinnin, Adenosine etc. Some are inhibitory and some are excitatory. These neurotransmitters might play role in upregulation or downregulation of anxiety disorders. This review article gives a bird’s eye view of neurotransmitters involved in...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2017 in |
Pain is the major symptom associated with many diseases and disorders. Whether acute or chronic, pain causes much distress to the patient and can be debilitating in many cases. The quest for safe and effective pain management has driven the research efforts of the scientists for several decades. These ongoing efforts to come up with optimum therapeutic systems to deliver pain relief medication have propelled the researchers to explore different routes of drug administration, along with different means to facilitate drug delivery via a particular route. In view of the limitations of conventional methods to provide pain relief, as well as, the adverse effects associated with the traditional routes of drug delivery, the transdermal route of drug delivery has drawn the interest of scientists world over, owing to which a number of therapeutic breakthroughs have been achieved. In the past few decades, many novel drug delivery systems have been developed to deliver analgesics (NSAIDs and opioids) and anesthetics by means of transdermal therapy. The results obtained from the various...
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