Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2016 in |
For human survival, vision or sight is extremely important. Ocular drug delivery has been a major challenge to pharmacologists and drug delivery scientists due to its unique anatomy and physiology. There are both conventional and novel drug deliveries available as topical administration for the treatment of diseases related to the eye. Conventional dosage form includes ophthalmic solutions, suspensions, ointments, gels, inserts etc. Novel dosage form includes microemulsions, nanosuspensions, dendrimers, niosomes, liposomes etc. Novel drug delivery systems provide increased bioavailability of the drug compared to that of conventional drug delivery system. Current developments in the field of ophthalmic drug delivery promise a significant improvement in overcoming the challenges posed by various anterior and posterior segment diseases. Here in this article, we are going to discuss about the anatomy of the eye, the most common disorders of the eye, and the conventional and novel formulation approaches for ophthalmic drug delivery and the current market...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2016 in |
Autism is an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication, and the repetitive interests or restricted interests and behaviors. Approximately 67 million people are affected by autism around the world. Autism has increased to epidemic proportions, affecting four times as many males and females. The exact etiology of autism remains largely unidentified; however, literature has emerged to propose the genetic, neurological, environmental and immunological contributions play critical roles in the enlargement of autism. Autism is well known as a complex developmental disorder with a seemingly confusing and uncertain pathogenesis. The serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, GABA, cytokinin thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of autism. These areas of research have contributed to the development of a number of medications currently in use for interfering symptoms, and may guide the future development of novel agents. This review will cover the understanding on the clinical sign and symptoms, its causes, diagnosis, pathophysiology and neuronal circuits involved in...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2016 in |
Pharmacogenomics (constitute both branch i.e pharmacology and genetic) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the effect of genetic variation on drug response in patient by correlating the gene expression with the pharmacokinetic parameter i.e absorption, distribution metabolism and excreation. The Pharmacogenomics is used in the research to increase the safety and efficacy of the drug by targeting the drug at the particular site of genes. Pharmacogenetic also play important role in the study of effect of multiple genes in the pharmacological action of drugs. In Pharmacogenomics we identify and study about various component of the genes that affect the therapeutic of the drug. Most of the drugs fail to show therapeutic effect at the latter stages it may be due to unexpected adverse effect of drug that may be due to the effect of various component of genes. Pharmacogenetic studies can be used at various stages of drug development. In clinical studies, pharmacogenetic can be used in stratification of patient based...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2016 in |
Millions of people today use herbs either as food or in the form of medicine along with prescription and non prescription medications. Although considered natural and safe, many of these herbs can interact with other medications, causing either potentially dangerous side effects and/or reduced benefits from the medication. Both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic mechanisms are involved in these interactions and majority of the herb-drug interactions were found to be mediated by metabolic inductions or inhibitions. It should be understood that herbal preparations contain multiple active phytochemicals in varying proportions which can, like any other active pharmacological substance, alter the enzymatic systems, transporters and/or the physiologic processes. The purpose of this review is to discuss evidence based mechanisms and clinical implications of such herb-drug interactions and to increase awareness on herb-drug interactions by reviewing published clinical and preclinical studies. As the incidence and severity of herb-drug interactions is increasing due to a worldwide rise in the use of herbal preparations, more clinical data regarding herb-drug interactions are needed to make decisions...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2016 in |
The quality of medicines depends not only on the active principles and production processes, but also the performance of the excipients, hence we say’ Excipients are Cindrellas of Formulation’. The traditional concept of the excipient as any component other than the active substance has undergone a substantial evolution from an ‘inert’ and cheap vehicle to an essential constituent of the formulation. The rapid evolution of scientific, regulatory and economic factors, the introduction of delivery systems and the advance in biopharmaceutics have led to a new interest in the role and functionality of the excipients. There are number of raw materials available from a multitude of sources used in pharmaceutical industry where their chemical structures vary from small polymer to long chain polymer. Excipients are now chosen to perform a variety of functions which guarantee the stability and bioavailability of the drug substance and its manufacturability on a large production scale. Beyond the dosage form necessities, excipients particularly in the case of solid dosage forms are used. As a consequence,...
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