Posted by admin on Feb 28, 2017 in |
The glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzyme superfamilies detoxify a wide-range of toxic chemicals and environmental substances are extensively expressed in mammalian tissues. Liver and pancreas are the sites where cytosolic Phase I and phase II biotransformation GSTs enzymes have characteristic expression. GSTs play a key role in the deactivation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the metabolism of lipids, chemotherapeutic agents. GSTs are mainly involved in conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) with diverse substrates specificity and it is possible that genetic variations in these enzymes will influence cellular response to the environmental agents. GSTs are overexpressed in response to a chemical or oxidative stress as an adaptive physiology and upregulated in cancerous state of organ or tissue. GSTs are essentially involved in susceptibility to various forms of cancer as they are vital in detoxification mechanism to metabolize the environmental carcinogens. GSTM1 encodes for a class mu GST isoenzyme involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) detoxification. The substrates of GSTM1 include benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(c)phenanthrene, benzo(g)chrysene and other carcinogens. They can catalyze in-vitro...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2017 in |
Anxiety is a persistent feeling of dread, apprehension and impending disaster, or tension and uneasiness. The reported prevalence rates of psychiatric morbidity in the Indian industrial population range from 14-37%. Anxiety disorders may develop from a complex set of risk factors including genetics, brain chemistry, personality and life events. It is a specific class of psychopathology characterized by future-oriented apprehension and elevated threat value associated with physical, social, and mental stimuli. According to multiple-systems, individual shows different types of symptoms i.e. Cognitive, Physiological and Behavioral during anxiety. Abnormal functioning of neurochemicals as well as abnormal chemoreceptor reactivity leads to anxiety. There are various neurotransmitters that are involved in anxiety such as serotonin, glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid, Cholecystokinnin, Adenosine etc. Some are inhibitory and some are excitatory. These neurotransmitters might play role in upregulation or downregulation of anxiety disorders. This review article gives a bird’s eye view of neurotransmitters involved in...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2017 in |
Pain is the major symptom associated with many diseases and disorders. Whether acute or chronic, pain causes much distress to the patient and can be debilitating in many cases. The quest for safe and effective pain management has driven the research efforts of the scientists for several decades. These ongoing efforts to come up with optimum therapeutic systems to deliver pain relief medication have propelled the researchers to explore different routes of drug administration, along with different means to facilitate drug delivery via a particular route. In view of the limitations of conventional methods to provide pain relief, as well as, the adverse effects associated with the traditional routes of drug delivery, the transdermal route of drug delivery has drawn the interest of scientists world over, owing to which a number of therapeutic breakthroughs have been achieved. In the past few decades, many novel drug delivery systems have been developed to deliver analgesics (NSAIDs and opioids) and anesthetics by means of transdermal therapy. The results obtained from the various...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2017 in |
Proteins are the most essential and versatile macromolecules of life, and the knowledge of their functions is a crucial link in the development of new drugs, better crops, and even the development of synthetic biochemicals such as biofuels. Experimental procedures for protein function prediction are inherently low throughput and are thus unable to annotate a non-trivial fraction of proteins that are becoming available due to rapid advances in genome sequencing technology. This has motivated the development of computational techniques that utilize a variety of high-throughput experimental data for protein function prediction, such as protein and genome sequences, gene expression data, protein interaction networks and phylogenetic...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2017 in |
It is the most important part of pharmaceutical dosage forms; transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) established itself as an integral part of novel drug delivery systems. On the application of Transdermal patches, the delivery of the drug across dermis gives the systemic effect. TDDS is costly alternative to conventional formulation. It is also important due to its unique advantage. Controlled absorption, more uniform plasma levels, improved bioavailability, reduced side effects, painless and simple application and flexibility of terminating drug administration by simply removing the patch from the skin are some of the potential advantages of transdermal drug delivery. Development of controlled release transdermal dosage form is a complex process involving extensive efforts. This review article describes the methods of preparation of different types of transdermal patches. In addition, the various methods of evaluation of transdermal dosage form and advance development in TDDS have also been...
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