Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2014 in |
Fluoroquinoloes are a very important group of antibacterial agents that are widely prescribed for the treatment of infectious diseases in humans. These agents have excellent bioavailability and good tissue penetration with antimicrobial activity against pathogens especially resistance to other class of antimicrobial drugs. This article gives a comprehensive review on different aspects of fluoroquinolones such as discovery, structural modifications, pharmacokinetic properties, antibacterial activity, present status of important drugs in which pharmacists and medical microbiologists should be interested....
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2014 in |
The management of eye disorders by chemical drugs without any side effects is still a challenge to the medical system. But the herbal medicines have potential to overcome the limitations associated with conventional drugs. Therefore; many efforts have been made to identify new medicinal plants from different sources because of their effectiveness, fewer side effects and relatively low cost. Approximately 200 plants worldwide have been documented to support treatment of eye disorders and several plant species have been advocated in Traditional Indian Medicine for their ophthalmic effects. In the present review it is proposed to highlight the medicinal plants used from ancient time for the treatment of eye diseases, their merits and demerits and role of Modern medicines over demerits of medicinal plants traditionally used for eye disorders. Review concluded that by using techniques and polymers of modern era, the best Ayurvedic formulations may be...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2014 in |
Blood pressure (BP) is one of the major prognostic indicators in cardiovascular patients and in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Accurate measurement of BP is important to classify an individual to confirm BP related risk and to continue treatment. The limitations of conventional technique can be surpassed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). ABPM strengthens its superiority towards clinical BP measurement in point of its high reproducibility, high cost-effectiveness, assessment of white coat hypertension, provides multiple BP measurements. This review highlights ABPM technique and covers a brief introduction about hypertension, measurement of BP by 24-hr ABPM, clinical indications in various areas, ABPM device and its application thereby concluding that ABPM technique is superior both in terms of care and cost over conventional technique for diagnosis and treatment of...
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Posted by admin on Nov 1, 2014 in |
When designing small molecules to interact with the targets, one should consider stereo selectivity. As considerations for exploring structure space evolve, chirality is increasingly important. Binding affinity for a chiral drug can differ for diastereomers and between enantiomers. For the virtual screening and computational design stage of drug development, this problem can be compounded by incomplete stereochemical information in structure libraries leading to a “coin toss” as to whether or not the “ideal” chiral structure is present. Creating every stereoisomer for each chiral compound in a structure library leads to an exponential increase in the number of structures resulting in potentially unmanageable file sizes and screening times. Therefore, only key chiral structures, enantiomeric pairs based on relative stereochemistry need be included, and lead to a compromise between exploration of chemical space and maintaining manageable libraries. In clinical environments, enantiomers of chiral drugs can have reduced, no, or even deleterious effects. This underscores the need to avoid mixtures of compounds and focus on chiral synthesis. Governmental regulations emphasizing the need...
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Posted by admin on Nov 1, 2014 in |
Biobatch is usually prepared for the purpose of pharmacokinetic evaluation before NDA or IND filing. There are several critical issues that one has to face during the audit process like equivalence between the Biobatch and proposed commercial production batch. During the development and scale-up of the manufacturing process, various standard operating processes have to be documented to provide link between the bio/clinical batch and commercial batch. The Biobatch is a key component of the quality assessment, regardless of whether there is a bio waiver supported by dissolution studies or a formulation comparison, or bioequivalence study. IVIVC is one of the methods accepted by regulatory authorities including USFDA and it is applied while preparing the Biobatch. Extensive pilot experiments are to be carried out before a Biobatch is prepared. This may increase the cost of production for the company. Further, even after the approval of the formulation, various pharmaceutical factors may vary and lead to inconsistencies during the production phase. Recently, to overcome these problems, several software are available. Judicious...
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