Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
Bilayered tablet is an important pharmaceutical technology for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide a way of successful drug delivery system. Bi-layer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination, to separate incompatible substances and also formulating sustained release tablet in which one layer is immediate release as initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose. Now days the pharmaceutical companies are currently developing bi-layer tablets due to variety of reasons such as patent extension, therapeutic benefit and a marketing strategy. To reduce capital investment, quite often existing but modified tablet presses are used to develop and produce such tablets. This article explains about different techniques of bilayered tablet preparation the development and production of bilayered tablets needs to be carried out on purpose built tablet presses to overcome common bilayered problems such as layer separation, insufficient hardness, and inaccurate individual layer weight control, cross-contamination between the layers, reduced yield and evaluation of bilayered...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
Melt extrusion process which is well known in the polymer and food industry is now being used for pharmaceutical manufacturing to create innovative new formulations and is a continuous process of mixing and designing moldable materials. It is one of the most widely applied processing techniques useful for preparing solid dosage forms, granules, pellets, suppositories, implants, stents, ophthalmic inserts, transdermal and transmucosal drug delivery systems. Also this technique is used in Taste Masking, Solubility Enhancement, and Sustained-Release Pellets Manufacturing. Several advantages over other techniques include cost and performance benefits such as a faster path to FDA approval for new compounds, possible re-indication for existing active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIs), controllable bioavailability, possible lower doses, and probable lower production costs. Hot-melt extrusion efficiently produces solid molecular dispersions with considerable advantages over solvent-based processes such as spray drying and co-precipitation. In general, high temperatures have to be applied to extrude polymeric carriers. Melt extruded dosage forms are complex mixtures of API, excipients, and polymer carrier which are blended using single and twin-screw...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
Introduction: Glaucoma valves have been used in the treatment of glaucoma in the cases where medications no longer show the appropriate results. Due to the various complications in molteno, other glaucoma valves such as Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) were introduced. Ahmed glaucoma valve has proved to be very useful in the management of glaucoma. This review thus summarizes how far AGV has been successful in the management of glaucoma. Methods: Various case studies were taken into consideration in this review. The studies were retrospective amongst which some were randomized and others non-randomized. Patients with different kind of glaucoma such as Aphakic and Neovascular were selected and implanted with AGV. The results of the success rate were then compiled and summarized. Results: AGV was found to be not a very successful implant in the management of Traumatic, Congenital and Uveitic glaucoma as compared to the Baerveldt implant. But the success was well observed in other types. It was also observed that the AGV required use of, more medications than others...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
The nanoemulsion is one of the most efficient dispersed nanosystems of droplet size ranging to submicron size. Nanoemulsions/ Sub-micron emulsions (SMEs)/ Mini-emulsions are thermodynamically stable transparent or translucent dispersions of oil and water stabilized by an interfacial film of surfactant and co surfactant molecules having a droplet size of less than 100 nm. This review provides brief information about method of preparation and evaluation of nanoemulsion as drug carriers for improving the delivery of therapeutic agents. several techniques are to be used for preparation of nanoemulsions like microfluidization, high pressure homogenization, low energy emulsification and solvent evaporation method and parameter that are to be used for its characterization like droplet size analysis, viscosity determination, drug content, refractive index, pH, zeta potential, Transmission electron microscopy, thermal stability, release and in vitro skin permeation...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
Patient counseling were intended to improve adherence and maintaining quality of life. Antiretroviral adherence is the second strongest predictor of progression to AIDS and death, after CD4 count. Incomplete adherence to ART is common in all groups of treating individuals. The commonest cause of ART failure is poor adherence. Several factors associated with poor adherence include a poor patient-clinician relationship, high pill burden, forgetfulness, mental depression, lack of patient education, inability of patients to identify their medications, drug toxicity, beliefs about treatment and the impression of being too ill for treatment. Counseling steps include establishing the rapport between the patient and pharmacist, developing individual treatment plan and using of information sheets, compliance aids, leaflets can be helpful in better understanding about the ART regimen they are taking. The key to successful is educating the patient before the initiation of therapy, supporting ART initiation as the patient first starts taking medications, and continuously monitoring and supporting adherence. Using of adherence devices like pill boxes, reminders and visual medication schedules can...
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