Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Hydrogels are semi-solid, three-dimensional polymeric systems capable of holding large amounts of water, making them ideal for topical drug delivery, especially in pain management. This review explores hydrogel formulation and its application in topical pain relief. Hydrogels are classified based on origin, polymer type, cross-linking method, and responsiveness to stimuli. Their advantages include biocompatibility, ease of application, and controlled drug release. However, limitations such as low loading capacity for hydrophobic drugs and risk of microbial contamination are noted. Preparation methods such as physical, chemical, and radiation cross-linking, along with grafting polymerization, are discussed. Each method provides unique properties suited to specific applications. The formulation process is outlined with emphasis on the functional role of each component. These include active pharmaceutical ingredients (e.g., NSAIDs, anesthetics), gelling agents (e.g., Carbopol, HPMC), pH adjusters, penetration enhancers, humectants, preservatives, and solvents. Each contributes to hydrogel performance, stability, and skin compatibility. A sample formulation using diclofenac sodium illustrates how these components combine into an effective gel for localized drug delivery. In conclusion, hydrogels offer...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Abstract: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and behavior, often accompanied by delays in motor and verbal development. Its prevalence has significantly increased over recent decades. In Ayurvedic literature, the term Unmada encompasses a spectrum of psychiatric disorders and can be correlated with conditions like autism, which present with altered mental, behavioral, and social functioning. Aim and Objectives: This review aims to critically analyze the efficacy of Ayurvedic treatment modalities in managing children diagnosed with autism. Materials and Methods: Classical Ayurvedic texts, peer- reviewed journal articles, and data from digital databases such as PubMed and Medline were reviewed. The focus was on studies evaluating Ayurvedic formulations, procedures, and supportive therapies used in managing ASD in children. Results: A holistic Ayurvedic approach to autism includes the use of herbal and herbo-mineral formulations, therapeutic procedures such as Abhyanga (massage), Shiropichu, Shirolepa, and dietary regulation. Sattvavajaya Chikitsa (Ayurvedic psychotherapy) and lifestyle modifications are also emphasized. These therapies collectively target the psychosomatic aspects...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, following ischemic heart disease. As of 2020, cancer accounted for approximately 10 million deaths-equating one in six worldwide. Although many cancers can be cured if detected early, but conventional chemotherapy faces serious limitations, including systemic toxicity, poor selectivity, and damage to healthy tissues. These challenges have spurred the development of more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies. Biodegradable nanocarriers have emerged as a promising advancement in cancer therapy. By enabling site-specific drug delivery, they significantly reduce toxicity and resistance while maximizing the pharmacological action at the tumor site. Their biodegradable nature ensures that they break down into non-toxic by products within the body, offering additional biocompatibility advantages. However, the application of nanocarrier-based therapies presents its own set of challenges. Designing nanoparticles with the optimal size, shape, and appropriate inner and outer layers tailored to specific cancer types remains a complex task. Overcoming these obstacles requires advanced approaches, including the development of massively parallel pooled...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Beta-lactam antibiotics remain essential in treating bacterial infections due to their broad-spectrum efficacy and low toxicity. However, the increasing prevalence of beta-lactamase-mediated resistance, particularly among multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, undermines their clinical effectiveness. Recent advances in structural modification and new beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as Cefiderocol, Avibactam, Relebactam, and taniborbactam, have shown promising results against resistant pathogens like Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies significantly improved antibiotic stability, bacterial membrane penetration, and resistance evasion. Innovative approaches, including monocyclic beta-lactams and siderophore-conjugated antibiotics, further expand therapeutic options. Additionally, targeted modifications against penicillin-binding proteins have enhanced beta-lactam efficacy. Despite these improvements, challenges persist, notably variability in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), limited inhibitor spectrums, and rapid resistance emergence. Future research should prioritize developing broad-spectrum, irreversible beta-lactamase inhibitors with optimized pharmacokinetics and minimal adverse effects, to maintain beta-lactams as effective tools against antimicrobial...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection remains one of the most prevalent chronic bacterial infections globally, contributing significantly to the pathogenesis of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer. Over the past few decades, treatment regimens have evolved significantly due to increasing antibiotic resistance, varied geographic eradication rates, and emerging evidence-based strategies. This review focuses on first-line, second-line, and rescue medications and offers a thorough summary of current pharmacotherapeutic approaches to H. pylori infection. Conventional triple therapy, once the gold standard, is now being replaced in many regions by bismuth quadruple therapy and concomitant regimens due to declining efficacy. The role of novel agents such as vonoprazan, rifabutin and metronidazole in enhancing eradication rates is also discussed. Furthermore, the importance of antibiotic susceptibility testing, patient compliance, and regional resistance patterns in tailoring individualized therapy is highlighted. This insight aims to support rational therapeutic decision-making and promote optimized clinical outcomes in the management of H. pylori...
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