Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is reviewed in detail in this study. Comparison of different synthesis methods, namely physical, chemical and green methods giving emphasis to biological synthesis is documented here. This study also details limitations of the present techniques and envisages the future scope of nanoparticle biosynthesis. Important applications of nanoparticles are also discussed briefly in the present...
Read MoreThe desire of improved palatability in orally administered products has prompted the development of numerous formulations with improved performance and acceptability. Orally disintegrating tablets are an emerging trend in novel drug delivery system and have received ever-increasing demand during the last few decades. The field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical industry and gaining popularity due to ease of administration and better patient compliance especially for geriatric and pediatric patients. ODTs are solid unit dosage forms, which disintegrates or dissolves rapidly in the mouth without chewing and water. This type of property in dosage form can be attained by addition of different excipients, from which disintegrant is the key adjuvant. In recent years, several newer agents have been developed known as superdisintegrants. Diverse categories of superdisintegrants such as synthetic, semi-synthetic, natural and co-processed blends etc. have been employed to develop effectual mouth dissolving tablets and to overcome the limitations of conventional tablet dosage forms. The objective of the present article is to highlight the various kinds...
Read MoreLipid peroxidation (LPO) in cellular membranes is associated with changes in physicochemical properties and impairment of protein functions located in membrane environment. Recent studies shows involvement of LPO in biological signaling and various diseases. Lipids are oxidized by three distinct mechanisms: enzymatic oxidation; non-enzymatic, free radical-mediated oxidation and non-enzymatic, non radical oxidation. Lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids are susceptible to free radical-initiated oxidation and can participate in chain reactions that increase damage to biomolecules. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites have variety of physiological roles including: energy provision, membrane structure, cell signaling and regulation of gene expression. The present manuscript reviews concept of LPO with emphasis on implication in various...
Read MoreNow a days, various routes of administration have been explored for the effective delivery of the drug to the target site. The oral route is considered to be most convenient for the administration of drugs to patients. But it has a serious drawback in conditions where localized delivery of the drug in the colon is required. Colon target aimed mainly because of less enzymatic activity, longer transit time so it is suitable to deliver the protien and peptide drugs. It also have drawbacks like less water content, presence of fecal content. Different approaches are designed based on prodrug formulation, pH-sensitivity, time-dependency (lag time), microbial degradation and osmotic pressure etc to formulate the different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, multiparticulates, microspheres, liposomes for colon targeting. The efficiency of drug delivery system is evaluated using different in vitro and in vivo release studies.This review updated the research on different approaches for formulation and evaluation of colon-specific drug delivery systems...
Read MoreBi-layer tablets have been developed to achieve controlled delivery of different drugs with pre-defined release profiles. In the last decade, interest in developing a combination of two or more Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) in a single dosage form (bilayer tablet) has increased in the pharmaceutical industry, promoting patient convenience and compliance. Bilayer tablets can be a primary option to avoid chemical incompatibilities between API by physical separation, and to enable the development of different drug release profiles (immediate release with extended release). Despite their advantages, due to the use of different materials and complex geometric boundaries between the adjacent layers, the mechanical structures of this drug delivery system have become quite intricate, requiring complicated tablet architectures as well as patient-friendly. Bilayer tablets offer definite advantages over conventional release formulation of the same drug. Several pharmaceutical companies are currently developing bi-layer tablets. For a variety of reasons: patent extension, therapeutic, marketing to name a few. To reduce capital investment, quite often existing but modified tablet presses are used to develop...
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