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A REVIEW ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY

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Received on 15 October, 2013; received in revised form, 24 November, 2013; accepted, 03 February, 2014; published 01 March, 2014

A REVIEW ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY

Vuyyuri Bhaargavi*, G.S.L. Jyotsna and Reshma Tripurana

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT: Liver, the largest gland functioning as an organ of storage, manufacturing and biotransformation is a vulnerable target for injury. Chronic alcohol consumption, exposure to toxic chemicals and certain drugs like paracetamol, tetracycline, antitubercular drugs, chemotherapeutic agents, NSAIDS, damage the liver cells (hepatocytes) in long run. Drug induced liver injury is a major health problem, the manifestations of which are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes to fulminant liver failure. Modern medicine has provided us many drugs that alleviate liver diseases but compared to it herbal medicine is preferred because the latter is cost effective and considered to be a safe approach for treatment with minimal side effects. Through the decades many scientists, researchers have reported hepatoprotective activity of many medicinal plants mostly in the form of plant extracts. The present review is aimed at compiling data on different medicinal plants with hepatoprotective activity on various models of hepatotoxicity

Keywords:

Liver injury,Modern medicine, Hepatoprotective activity, Medicinal plants

INTRODUCTION:The Liver is the largest gland in a human body, situated in the right side of upper abdominal cavity. The cells of the liver called hepatocytes plays vital functions like;

  1. Synthesis of proteins, biles,
  2. Stores glycogen, vitamins, iron,
  3. Metabolises toxic chemicals and drugs.

Drug metabolism/biotransformation is a process of detoxification in which a substance is chemically modified into a less toxic form under the influence of enzymatic system.

The capacity of the liver to carry out the several oxidative metabolisms is associated with the high cellular content of cytochrome P4501. As liver being the central organ of metabolism it is highly vulnerable target for injury from drugs and chemicals, the manifestations of which are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic elevation of liver enzymes to fulminant hepatic failure 2.

Herbal medicine: Modern medicines have a little to offer for alleviation of hepatic diseases and it is chiefly the plant based preparations which are employed for their treatment of liver disorders3. Herbal medicines are the most lucrative form of traditional medicine on which about 80% of the population depends (WHO traditional medicine facts sheet no 134. Dec 2008). These have gained importance and popularity in recent years because they are easily available, safe, efficient and cost effective.

In India, more than 87 plants are used in 33 patented & proprietary multi-ingredient plant formulations & about 40 polyherbal commercial formulations reputed to have hepatoprotective action are being used. It has been reported that about 160 phytoconstituents from 101 medicinal plants have hepatoprotective activity 4.

Many herbs have been used to alleviate various liver diseases, of which the most popular ones include Silymarin from Silybum marianum, andrographolide and neoandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata, curcumin from Curcuma longa, picroside and kutkoside from Picrorrhiza kurroa, phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin from Phyllanthus niruri, glycyrrhizin from Glycyrrhiza glabra, etc. 5.

Hepatotoxins and their mechanism of hepatotoxicity: In this review, the authors mainly concentrated on hepatotoxins like Carbon tetrachloride, Paracetamol, D-Galactosamine and Thioacetamide.

  1. Carbon tetrachloride: The hepatotoxicity of CCl4 is due to the formation of the highly reactive trichloromethyl free radical in the body which attacks the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the membrane of endoplasmic reticulum. Carbon tetrachloride poisoning leads rapidly to cessation of movement of large quantities of triglycerides from the liver to the plasma leading to fatty live r 6.

If the damage is severe it leads to an abnormal increase in liver enzymes followed by hepatocellular necrosis. There is an influx of monocytes into the liver during acute and chronic CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity causing an increase of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and a rise in Kupffer cell leukotriene production in the liver leading to imbalance between cytoprotective and cytotoxic prostanoids 7.

 

  1. Paracetamol: Paracetamol is metabolically activated by cytochrome P450 to a reactive metabolite that covalently binds to protein8. The reactive metabolite responsible for hepatotoxicity is N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone-imine which reacts with N-acetyl cysteine 9.

Although considered safe at therapeutic doses, in overdose, it produces a centrilobular hepatic necrosis that can be fatal 10. Various mechanisms leading to paracetamol toxicity includes

  1. Increased formation of superoxide anions which cause lipid peroxidation (oxidative stress) via hydrogen peroxide formation 11.
  2. Decreased glutathione concentrations in centrilobular cells 12.
  1. D-galactosamine: Galactosamine administration induces an inflammatory response in liver that biochemically and histologically resembles viral hepatitis 13. A single administration causes hepatocellular necrosis and fatty liver 14.

It causes appearance of specific lesions in liver cells, characterized by inhibition of nuclear RNA and protein synthesis 15.

  1. Thioacetamide: Thioacetamide, originally used as a fungicide is a potent hepatotoxic and is bioactivated by CYP450 and/or flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) systems to sulfine (sulfoxide) and sulfene (sulfone) metabolites, which causes centrilobular necrosis 16, 17.

This metabolite causes liver fibrosis. Thioacetamide interferes with the movement of RNA from the nucleus to cytoplasm which may cause membrane injury 18.

In the present study, the authors have reviewed the hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants evaluated in carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol, D-galactosamine and thioacetamide induced hepato-toxicity.

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE 1: HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN CARBON TETRACHLORIDE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY

Plant Family Part used Type of extract Test dose Carbon tetrachloridedose
Casuarina equisetifolia,19 Casuarinaceae Leaf & bark Methanol i.p 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 3ml/kg
Cajanus cajan,19 Papilionaceae Whole plant Methanol i.p 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 3ml/kg
Glycosmis pentaphylla,19 Rutaceae Leaf, bark Methanol i.p 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 3ml/kg
Bixa orellana,19 Bixaceae Seed Methanol i.p 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 3ml/kg
Physalis minima,19 Solanaceae Whole plant Methanol i.p 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 3ml/kg
Argemone Mexicana,19 Papavaraceae Leaf & flower Methanol i.p 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 3ml/kg
Caesalpinia bonduc,19 Caesalpiniaceae Leaf & bark Methanol i.p 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 3ml/kg
Carthamus tinctorius,20 Compositae Flower Methanol p.o 200mg/kg p.o 1ml/kg
Ardisia solanacea,21 Myrsinaceae Leaves Alcohol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg s.c 2ml/kg
Delonix regia,22 Caesalpiniaceae Aerial  parts Methanol p.o 400mg/kg p.o 2ml/kg
Aphanamixis polystachya,23 Meliaceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 50mg/kg i.p 2ml/kg
Coriandrum sativum,24 Apiaceae Whole plant Pulverised plant powder p.o 5%, 10%, 15% i.p 1ml/kg
Solanum pubescens,25 Solanaceae Whole plant Ethanol p.o 500mg/kg i.p 1ml/kg
Plumbago zeylanica,26 Plumbaginaceae Aerial parts Methanol p.o 35mg/kg, 70mg/kg i.p 0.1ml/kg
Cardiospermum helicacabum,27 Sapindaceae Stem Petroleum ether, methanol, water, choloroform, ethylacetate p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg p.o 1.5ml/kg
Luffa acutangula,28 Cucurbitaceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg p.o 1ml/kg
Epaltes divaricata,29 Compositae Whole plant Aqueous p.o 0.9g/kg i.p 0.5ml/kg
Tagets erecta,30 Asteraceae Flowers Ethanol p.o 400mg/kg p.o 1875g/kg
Zizphus rotundifolia,31 Rhamnaceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 650mg/kg p.o 1.25ml/kg
Millettia aboensis,32 Fabaceae Roots Ethanol, aqueous p.o 215mg/kg, 431mg/kg i.p 0.7ml/kg
Ficus carica,33 Moraceae Leaves Methanol p.o 500mg/kg p.o 1.5ml/kg
Alchornea cordifolia,34 Euphorbiaceae Leaves Hexane, methanol, chloroform, ethyacetate, acetone p.o 300mg/kg i.p 1.25ml/kg
Morus alba,35 Moraceae Leaves Petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, aqueous p.o 125mg/kg, 150mg/kg, 175mg/kg, 250mg/kg, 300mg/kg, 350mg/kg s.c 2ml/kg
Leucophyllum frutescens,36 Scrophuraleaceae Aerial parts Methanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o 2ml/kg
Carissa carandas,37 Apocynaceae Roots Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg i.p 0.7ml/kg
Sesamum indicum,38 Pedaliaceae Seeds Methanol p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 800mg/kg s.c 2ml/kg
Flacourtia indica,39 Flacourtiaceae Leaves Aqueous p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg p.o 1.5ml/kg
Hippophae rhamnoides,40 Elaegnaceae Leaves Aqueous p.o 100mg/kg, 400mg/kg p.o 1ml/kg
Apium graveolens,41 Apiaceae Seeds Acetone, methanol, petroleum ether p.o 250mg/kg p.o 1.5ml/kg
Croton oblangifolius,41 Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Acetone, methanol, petroleum ether p.o 200mg/kg p.o 1.5ml/kg
Hypericum japonicum,42 Hypericaceae Whole plant Water, petroleum ether, chloroform p.o 0.5, 1.5, 4.5g/kg i.p 10ml/kg
Cinnamomum zeylanicum43 Lauraceae Bark Ethanol p.o 0.05g/kg, 0.005g/kg, 0.01g/kg, 0.1g/kg i.p 0.5ml/kg
Launea intybacea,44 Asteraceae Aerial parts Aqueous p.o 200mg/kg p.o 3ml/kg
Mimosa pudica,45 Mimosaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 200mg/kg i.p 1.25ml/kg
Polygala javana,46 Polygalaceae Whole plant Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg i.p 2.5ml/kg
Marsilea minuta,47 Marsileaceae Whole plant Methanol, toulene, aqueous, n-butyl alcohol p.o 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg p.o 1ml/kg
Ficus bengalensis,48 Moraceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg i.p 2ml/kg
Chenopodium album,49 Chenopodiaceae Aerial parts Ethyl acetate, methanol p.o 300mg/kg i.p 1ml/kg
Psidium guajava,50 Myrtaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 1ml/kg
Luffa acutangula,51 Cucurbitaceae Fruits Hydroalcohol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg i.p 1ml/kg
Rhododendron arboretum,52 Ericaceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 40mg/kg, 60mg/kg, 100mg/kg s.c 1ml/kg
Diteracanthus patulus,53 Acanthaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 1ml/kg
Cuscuta reflexa,54 Cuscutaceae Aerial parts Ethanol p.o 1g/kg i.p 0.1ml/kg
Crassocephalum crepidioides,55 Asteraceae Whole plant Aqueous i.p 5ml/kg s.c 2ml/kg
Glycyrrhiza glabra,56 Fabaceae Root Crude powder p.o 1000mg/kg s.c 3ml/kg
Gundelia tourenfortii,57 Asteraceae Footstalks Hydroalcohol i.p 100mg/kg, 300mg/kg i.p 3ml/kg
Coptidis rhizome,58 Ranunculaceae Whole plant Aqueous p.o 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg, 800mg/kg i.p 1ml/kg
Carica papaya,59 Caricaceae Seeds Aqueous p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg i.p 1.5ml/kg
Cichorium intybus,60 Asteraceae Leaves 70% ethanol p.o 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg i.p 3ml/kg
Scoparia dulcis,61 Scrophularaceae Whole plant Petroleum ether, diethylether, methanol p.o 50mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 800mg/kg i.p 2ml/kg
Indigofera tinctoria,62 Leguminosae-papilionatae Whole plant Acetone, methanol, chloroform p.o 500mg/kg 0.5mM perfusion
Solanum trilobactum,63 Solanaceae Whole plant Methanol p.o 150mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 250mg/kg i.p 1ml/kg
Pterocarpus marsupium,64 Papilionaceae Stem bark Aqueous, methanol p.o 25mg/kg i.p 0.1ml/kg
Pterocarpus santalinus,65 Fabaceae Stem bark 70% ethanol p.o 30mg/kg, 45mg/kg i.p 0.1ml/kg
Curculigo orchioides,66 Amaryilidaceae Rhizomes Methanol p.o 70mg/kg s.c 1ml/kg
Phoenix dactylifera,67 Palmae Fruit Aqueous Ad libitum in place of rat chow i.p 2ml/kg
Asteracantha longifolia,68 Acanthaceae Whole plant Aqueous p.o 900mg/kg i.p 0.5ml/kg
Strychnos potatorum,69 Loganiaceae Seeds Aqueous, seed powder p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg s.c 3ml/kg
Vitex trifolia,70 Verbenaceae Leaves Aqueous, ethanol p.o 20mg/kg, 30mg/kg i.p 0.1ml/kg
Capparis spinosa,71 Capparidaceae Root bark Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 800mg/kg p.o 0.2mg/kg
Lawsonia alba,72 Lythraceae Bark 50% ethanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg p.o 1ml/kg
Carissa opaca,73 Apocyanaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 200mg/kg i.p 0.5ml/kg

 

TABLE 2: HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN PARACETAMOL INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY

Plant Family Part used Type of extract Test dose Paracetamol dose
Azima tetracantha,74 Salvadoraceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Dragea volubilis,75 Asclepiadaceae Fruits Petroleum ether p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o 650mg/kg
Coccinia indica,76 Cucurbitaceae Fruits aqueous p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Sida rhombifolia,77 Malvaceae Whole plant Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Psidium guajava,78, 50 Myrtaceae Leaves Ethanol60

Methanol32

 p.o (200mg/kg, 400mg/kg)60, (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg)32 p.o 835mg/kg60, 1g/kg32
Solanum pubscens,79 Solanaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 300mg/kg p.o 3g/kg
Tabebuia rosea,79 Bignoniaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 500mg/kg p.o 3g/kg
Ichnocarpus frutescens,80 Apocyanaceae Whole plant Methanol, chloroform p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg p.o 750mg/kg
Vanilla planifolia,81 Orchidaceae Beans Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Nilgirianthus ciliates,82 Acanthaceae Bark Methanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg p.o 2.5g/kg
Phyllanthus niruri,83 Phylanthaceae Leaves Aqueous p.o 440mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Aegle marmelos,83 Rutaceae Leaves Aqueous p.o 440mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Aloe vera,83 Xanthorrhoeaceae Leaves Aqueous p.o 440mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Eclipta alba,83 Asteraceae Leaves Aqueous p.o 440mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Solanum indicum,83 Solanaceae Leaves Aqueous p.o 440mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Maytenus emarginata,83 Celastraceae Leaves Aqueous p.o 440mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Aerva lanata,84 Amaranthaceae Whole plant Hydroalcohol p.o 200mg/kg p.o 3g/kg
Aerva sanguinolenta,85 Amaranthaceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg p.o 640mg/kg
Gymnosporia emerginata,86 Clasteraceae Whole plant Methanol p.o 300mg/kg p.o 3g/kg
Marsedenia volubillis,86 Asclepiadaceae Whole plant Methanol p.o 500mg/kg p.o 3g/kg
Carissa carandas,87 Apocyanaceae Roots Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg p.o 2000mg/kg
Asparagus racemosa,88 Liliaceae Roots Aqueous p.o 150mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Kigelia Africana,89 Bignoniaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 200mg/kg p.o 3g/kg
Anogeissus accuminata,89 Combretaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 300mg/kg p.o 3g/kg
Abelmoschus moschatus,90 Malvaceae Seeds Aqueous p.o 300mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Cyperus articulates,91 Cyperaceae Rhizome Methanol p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg p.o 640mg/kg
Thymus capitatus,92 Lamiaceae Essential oils Steam distillation p.o 50mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Salvia officinalis,92 Lamiaceae Essential oils Steam distillation p.o 50mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Solidago microglossa,93 Compositae Leaves Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o 250mg/kg
Macrotyloma uniflorum,94 Fabaceae Seeds Methanol p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Tridax procumbens,95 Compositae Whole plant Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg, 400mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Dipteracanthus patulus,53 Acanthaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Orthosiphon stamineus,96 Lamiaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Desmodium oojeinense,97 Fabaceae Bark Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Trianthema portulacastrum,98 Aizoaceae Whole plant Alcohol, aqueous p.o 100mg/kg p.o 3g/kg
Acacia chatechu,99 Mimosaceae Heartwood Ethanol p.o 250mg/kg p.o 250mg/kg
Feronia limonia,100 Rutaceae Fruits Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 300mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Tecomella undulate,101 Bignoneaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o 500mg/kg
Baliospermum montanum,102 Euphorbiaceae Roots Chloroform, alcohol, aqueous p.o 200mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Cyathea gigantean,103 Cyatheaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o 1g/kg
Asteracantha longifolia,68 Acanthaceae Whole plant Aqueous p.o 900mg/kg p.o 300mg/kg
Operculina turpethum,104 Convolvulaceae Roots Ethanol p.o 200mg/kg p.o 3g/kg
Tamarindus indica,105 Caesalpiniaceae Fruits, seeds, leaves Aqueous p.o 350mg/kg, 700mg/kg p.o 1g/kg
Berberis tinctoria,106 Berneridaceae Leaves Methanol p.o 150mg/kg, 300mg/kg p.o 750mg/kg
Azadirachta indica,107 Meliaceae Leaves 70% ethanol p.o 500mg/kg p.o 2g/kg
Ceiba pentandra,108 Bombacaceae Stem bark Ethylacetate p.o 400mg/kg p.o 3g/mg
Plumbago zeylanica,109 Plumbaginaceae Roots Petroleum ether p.o 300mg/kg p.o 400mg/kg
Phyllanthus emblica,110 Euphorbiaceae Fruits Aqueous p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg p.o 2g/kg

 

TABLE 3: HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN D-GALACTOSAMINE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY

Plant Family Part used Type of extract Test dose D-galactosamine dose
Pittosporum neelgherrense,111 Pittosporaceae Stem bark Methanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 300mgkg i.p 400mg/kg
Sphaeranthus amaranthoides,112 Compositae Whole plant Ethanol p.o 500mg/kg i.p 500mg/kg
Olenlandia herbaceae,113 Rubiaceae Whole plant Methanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg i.p 200mg/kg
Calotropis gigantean,114 Ascelpiadaceae Root bark Ethanol p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Coldenia procumbens,115 Boraginaceae Whole plant Methanol, chloroform p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Portulaca oleraceae,116 Portulacaceae Whole plant Methanol, petroleum ether p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Betula utilis,117 Betulaceae Bark Ethanol, aqueous p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Pterocarpus santalinus,118 Fabaceae heartwood chloroform p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Santolina chamaecyparissus,119 Asteraceae Whole plant Ethanol p.o 250mg/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Macrotyloma uniflorum,94 Fabaceae Seeds Methanol p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Polygala arvensis,120 Polygalaceae Leaves Chloroform p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Enicostemma axillare,121 Gentianaceae Whole plant Ethylacetate p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg i.p 200mg/kg
Solanum tuberosum (purple potato),122 Solanaceae Tubers Formic acid, disttiled water p.o 400mg/kg i.p 250mg/kg
Crassocephalum crepidioides,55 Asteraceae Whole plant Aqueous i.p 5ml/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Garcinia kola,123 Guttifera Seeds Methanol p.o 100mg/kg 1.p 800mg/kg
Fumaria indica pugsley,124 Fumariaceae Whole plant 50%ethanol, butanol, chloroform p.o 200mg/kg, protopine 50mg/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Leucas lavandulaefolia,125 Labiatae Leaves Methanol p.o 100mg/kg i.p 800mg/kg
Indigofera tinctoria,62 Leguminaceae Whole plant Acetone, methanol, chloroform p.o 500mg/kg 5mM perfusion

 

TABLE 4: HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THIOACETAMIDE INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY

Plant Family Part used Type of extract Test dose Thioacetamide dose
Pisonia aculeate,126 Nyctaginaceae Whole plant Methanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg s.c 50mg/kg
Phyllanthus niruri,127 Phyllanthaceae Whole plant Ethanol p.o 200mg/kg i.p 200mg/kg
Vitex negundo,128 Lamiaceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 300mg/kg 0.03% in drinking water
Orthosiphon stamineus,129 Lamiaceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg i.p 200mg/kg
Momordica tuberose,130 Cucurbitaceae Tubers Ethanol p.o 20mg/kg, 40mg/kg s.c 100mg/kg
Tinispora crispa,131 Menispermaceae Stem Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg i.p 200mg/kg
Zizyphus jujube,132 Rhamnaceae Fruits Methanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg s.c 100mg/kg
Phoenix dactylifera,133 Aracaceae Fruits Aqueous p.o 4ml/kg i.p 400mg/kg
Gardenia gummifera,134 Rubiaceae Roots Methanol p.o 125mg/kg, 250mg/kg s.c 100mg/kg
Albizzia lebbeck,135 Fabaceae Leaves 70% Ethanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg s.c 100mg/kg
Wedelia calendulaceae,136 Compositae Leaves Methanol p.o 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg s.c 100mg/kg
Ceiba pentandra,137 Bombacaceae Root Methanol p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg s.c 50mg/kg
Ipomoea aquatica,138 Convolvulaceae Leaves Ethanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 200mg/kg
Boerhaavia diffusa,139 Nyctaginaceae Stem, leaves Alcohol, aqueous p.o 150mg/kg, 300mg/kg s.c 50mg/kg
Anisochilus carnosus,139 Nyctaginaceae Leaves Alcohol, aqueous p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg s.c 50mg/kg
Phyllanthus acidus,140 Euphorbiaceae Leaves Ethanol, aqueous p.o 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg s.c 100mg/kg
Artemisia aucheri,141 Compositae Flowered branches Ethanol i.p 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg i.p 50mg/kg
Nigella sativa,142 Ranunculaceae Seed oil p.o 5ml/kg, 10ml/kg i.p 20mg/kg
Curcuma longa,143 Zingiberaceae Rhizome Ethanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg i.p 200mg/kg
Capparis deciduas,144 Capparaceae Root bark Ethanol p.o 300mg/kg, 600mg/kg s.c 400mg/kg
Bosenbergia rotunda,145 Zingiberaceae Rhizomes Ethanol p.o 250mg/kg, 500g/kg i.p 200mg/kg
Feronia elephantum,146 Rutaceae Leaves Aqueous p.o 400mg/kg, 800mg/kg i.p 300g/kg

 

 

 

CONCLUSION: From this study, it is clear that many medicinal plants process significant hepatoprotective activity. Our review will help researchers to choose different herbs and blend it to a formulation which could be an effective treatment for various liver diseases.

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    How to cite this article:

    Bhaargavi Y, Jyotsna GSL and Tripurana R: A review on Hepatoprotective activity. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2014; 5(3): 690-02.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(3).690-02

    All © 2013 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. This Journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.

     

Article Information

5

690-702

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English

IJPSR

Vuyyuri Bhaargavi*, G.S.L. Jyotsna and Reshma Tripurana

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India

bhaargavi_vuyyuri@yahoo.co.in

15 October, 2013

24 November, 2013

03 February, 2014

http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(3).690-02

01 March, 2014

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