ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS ON MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTION

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ANTIFERTILITY ACTIVITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS ON MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTION

Parveena Devi ¹, Pradeep Kumar ², Nidhi ³ and Isha Dhamija*¹

D. M. College of Pharmacy ¹, Bahadurgarh, Haryana, India
Department of Zoology ², Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences ³ , Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India

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ABSTRACT: Population control is a significant issue worldwide especially in developing countries like India. Population breakout has responsible for various deleterious effects on life surviving resources on the earth. Therefore fertility regulation is necessary for the conservation of life supporting resources as well as good reproductive life of both males and females. Various chemical methods of contraception are available today but these methods possess several side effects. Herbal medicinal plants have been used as safe alternatives of the chemical methods. Evaluation of the herbal medicinal plants has been in progress for several decades to identify effective and safe substances for fertility regulation. Several medicinal plant extract were investigated for their antifertility activity both in male and female animal models. This review covered scientific proven information on various medicinal plants used for antifertility activity in both males and females. This review provides information on botanical name along with their common name, antifertility activity, part used and their phytochemicals present in plants.

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Keywords:

Antifertility,

Herbal Medicinal Plants,

Phytochemicals, Contraception

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INTRODUCTION: Fertility control is a significant issue of global and national public health concern. Ever increasing human population throughout the world particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries has inevitable effects on the life supporting resources on the earth and also detrimental effects on all aspects of development especially employment, education, housing, health care, sanitation and environment ^{1, 2}. In 2005 G.C., world population is estimated to be 6.5 billion. The number is expected to increase by 2.5 billion over the next 45 year, 6.5 billion to 9 billion in 2050.

The developing countries absorbed 95% of all population growth and only 5% contributed by the developed world ³. Population explosion is one of the serious problems in developing countries like India that would be increased about 9.2 billion by the year 2050. The census of 2005 showed that the growth rate of population in India during the previous 10 years was about 1.5%. Annually, around 18 million people are adding to our total population which leads to an extra burden on the community and finally responsible for poverty and pollution in developing countries ⁴.

Due to all these detrimental effects, fertility regulation comprising contraception and management of infertility forms an important component of reproductive health for both male and females ⁵. Several effective approaches for the induction of infertility have been investigated over a long period including hormonal, chemical and immunological approaches ¹. The chemical approaches possess various side effects like obesity, cholethiasis, gastric trouble and carcinoma of breast and cervix, asthma and thromboembolism which decrease their popularity and utility among women. The hormonal contraceptives also have carcinogenic effects. Therefore, now a days, plant products catches the attention of many scientists as a primary source of naturally occurring fertility regulating agents because of their little and no side effects ⁴. Higher use of contraceptives methods is a direct indicator of health, population development and women empowerment ⁶. Several herbal plants possess different types of antifertility activities both in males and females ⁷.

 Some herbal plants exhibiting potent antifertility activity for males:

1. Gossipium herbaceum:

Common name: Levant cotton

Family: Malvaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains Gossypol (yellow colour phenolic compound), sugar, gum, tannins and fixed oil¹.

Activities:

1. It reduced the level of serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone in dose dependent manner ⁸.
2. It induced the azoospermia or oligospermia by directly acting on the testis ⁹.
3. It was found that it inhibits sperm motility by blocking the cAMP formation in the sperms ¹⁰.
4. It was acts on the pituitary gonadal axis and decreased the secretory activity of accessory sex glands ¹¹.
5. It inhibited T-type Ca²⁺ currents in mouse spermatogenic cells ¹².

Type of extract used: Root bark tincture was showed male conceptive activity.

Animal models: Hamester ¹³ and rats^{14, 15} were used for finding the male contraceptive potential of Gossipium herbaceum.

2. Carica papaya:

Common name: Papaya

Family: Caricaceaea

Chemical constituents: It contains papain, chymopapain, pectin, carposide, carpaine, pseudocarpaine, dehydrocarpines, carotenoids, cryptoglavin, cis-violaxanthin and antheraxanthin ⁷.

Activities:

1. It suppressed cauda epididymal sperm motility and also reduced the sperm count without influencing libido of animals¹⁶.
2. It induced long term reversible azoospermia ¹⁷.
3. It also caused sterility in rats due to total suppression of sperm motility ¹⁸.
4. It was also caused degeneration of germinal epithelium and germ cells, reduction in the number of leydig cells and vacuoles in the tubules ¹⁹.
5. It altered cauda epididymal microenvironment ²⁰.
6. It was also reduced the contractile responses of cauda epididymal tubules and retarded the sperm transport in cauda epididymus ²¹ and also caused ultrastructural changes in testis and epididymus of rats ²².

Type of extract used: Aqueous, benzene and chloroform extracts of papaya seeds used for reversible antifertility action ⁷.

Animal models: Male rats were used for investigating the antifertility action of papaya seeds ⁷.

3. Hibiscus rosasinensis:

Common name: Gudhal

Family: Malvaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains steroids, tannins, saponins and flavonoids ²³.

Activities:

26. It possessed antispermatogenic and antiandrogenic activity ^{24, 25, 26}.

Type of extract used: 50% ethanolic extract, benzene and benzene/ether extract of flowers were showed antifertilty activity ^{24, 25, 26}.

Animal models: Rats ²⁵, Nonscrotal bat ²⁴ and mice ²⁶ were used for demonstrating the above mentioned antifertility activity of Hibiscus rosasinensis.

4. Andrographis paniculata:

Common name: Kirayat

Family: Acanthaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains flavonoids, andrographilode, diterpenoids, phenylpropanoids, oleanolic acid and β-sitosterol ²⁷.

Activities:

1. It caused cessation of spermatogenesis, degeneration in seminiferous tubules and regression of leydig cells. Degeneration had also been seen in accessory sex organs and its fluid content ²⁸.
2. It was prevented cytokinesis of the dividing spermatogenic cell lines.
3. It also caused decrease in sperm motility and sperm count and also provides abnormalities in sperms ²⁹.

Type of extract used: Dry leaf powder was generally used at the dose of 20 mg powder/day/rat.

Animal models: Rats were used for identifying the antifertility efficacy of Andrographis paniculata.

5. Tripterygium wilfordii:

Common name: Thunder god vine

Family: Celastraceae

Chemical constituents: It contains Triptolide (diterpene epoxide), Tripchlorolide and glycosides.

Activities:

It caused degenerative changes in seminiferous tubular epithelium and decrease in plasma testosterone ³⁰.

It was inhibit the Ca²⁺ channel activity in mouse spermatogenic cells ¹².

It also caused severe impairment in cauda epididymal sperm ^{31, 32}.

Type of extract: Crude extract of roots was showed antifertility action.

Animal models: Rats and mice ³³ were used.

6. Solanum surattense :

Common name: Kateli

Family: Solanaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains sterols, alkaloids (solasodine), saponins, flavonoids and glycosides ³⁴.

Activities:

1. It caused disruptive changes in the acrosomal membrane of sperm and arrest spermicidal motility ³⁵.
2. It was also cause degenerative changes in seminiferous epithelium and spermatogonic elements ³⁶.

Type of extract used: 50% ethanolic extract of roots ³⁶, alcoholic extract of seeds ³⁷ were utilized.

Animal models: Male rats ³⁶ was used for checking the antifertility potential of Solanum surattense.

7. Embelia ribes:

Common name: Laksmana, amalaki

Family: Myrsinaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains alkaloids, quinine, proteins, saponins, triterpenes, coumarins, resins, tannins and Embelin (2, 5-dihydroxy 3-undicyl-1, 4-benzoquinone) ^{38, 39}.

Activities:

1. It was affected the sperm motility, quantity and quality of semen and lowered the hormonal level ⁴⁰.
2. It produced profound morphological and histological changes in testis ^{38, 41}.

Type of extract used: Extract of berries was used as a fertility regulating agent.

Animal models: Male bonnet monkeys ⁴⁰ were utilized.

8. Stephania hernandifolia:

Common name: Aknadi

Family: Menispermaceae

Chemical constituents:

1. It contains alkaloids (hernandin, hernsubanine), proteins and tannins ⁴².

Activities:

1. It showed deminution of the activities of testicular androgenic key enzymes and plasma testosterone with spermatogenesis ⁴³.

Type of extract used: Aqueous extract of leaf was used.

Animal models: Rats ⁴³ were used for demonstrating the antifertility activity of Stephania hernandifolia.

9. Catharanthus roseus:

Common name: Sadabahar

Family: Apocynaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains tannins, steroids, saponin glycosides, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides and flavonoids ⁴⁴.

Activities:

1. It produced pathological changes in the principle and apical cells of caput and nuclear cells of cauda causing impairment of epididymal functions ⁴⁵.
2. It affected spermatogenic cell lines other than spermatogonia ^{46, 47}.

 Type of extract used: Extract of leaf ⁴⁷ was used for carried out male contraception.

Animal models: Male rats ⁴⁷ were used for investigating the male conception activity of Catharanthus roseus.

10. Abrus precatorius:

Common name: Indian liquorice, chirmi

Family: Fabaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains glycosides, alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids ⁴⁸.

Activities:

1. In Srilanka, ayurvedic physicians have been claimed that seeds of A. procatorius inhibit conception in humans when taken orally ⁴⁸.
2. It altered the sperm morphology, reduced sperm motility and metabolism ⁴⁹.
3. It reduced testicular weight and sperm count and also causes degeneration in the testis during the later stages of spermatogenesis ⁵⁰.

Type of extract used: 50% ethanolic extract of seeds was used for antifertility action in males ⁵⁰.

Animal models: Rats^{51, 52}, rabbits and presbytis monkeys⁵³ were used for finding the above mentioned activities.

11. 11. Azadirachta indica:

Common name: Neem

Family: Meliaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains flavonoids, saponins, phenols and chymophenols ⁵⁴.  

Activities:

1. It caused disturbances in the structure and functions of testis and spermatozoa ⁵⁴.
2. It also produced histopathological and biochemical changes in the caput and cauda ⁵⁵.
3. It reduced the serum testosterone level ⁵⁵.
4. It produced mass atrophy in spermatogenic elements ⁵⁶ and arrested the spermatogenesis stage (late XII).
5. It caused morphological changes in the head of the sperm and its acrosome due to androgen deficiency ⁵⁷.
6. It was also showing the spermicidal activity ⁵⁸.

Type of extract: Seed oil ⁵⁹, Neem oil ⁶⁰ and ethanolic extract of leaves ⁶¹ were established for male infertility.

Animal models: Rats ^{62,  59, 63}, mouse ⁶⁰, monkeys ⁶⁴ and humans ⁶⁴ were used for evaluating the antifertility activity in males.

12. Aegle marmelos:

Common name: Bael fruit tree

Family: Rutaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains marmin, fagarine, skimmianine, aegelin, lupeol, citral, cineol, citronella, cumin aldehyde, eugenol and marmesinine ⁶⁵. Marmin and fagarine is especially responsible for male infertility.

Activities:

1. It was significantly reduces the reproductive organs weight and serum testosterone level ⁶⁶.
2. (It also reduced sperm density, motility, viability and sperm acrosomal integrity ^{67, 68, 69}.
3. It was also responsible for exfoliation of elongated spermatids, nuclear chromatin condensation, degeneration and prominent spaces detected within the germinal epithelium which indicated testicular cytotoxicity and necrosis ⁶.

Type of extract used: Methanolic extract of aegle marmelos bark, leaves, seeds and fruits were used for male infertility ^{67, 68, 69, 6}.

Animal models: Rats ⁶ were used as preclinical model for evaluating the antifertility activity in males.

13. Apium graveolens:

Common name: Celery

Family: Apiaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains essential oils, sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, coumarins and furocoumarins ⁷⁰.

Activities: It arrested spermatogenesis as well as decrease sperm count, sperm motility, blood testosterone concentration, weight of testes and seminal vesicles and diameter and viability of seminiferous tubules ⁷⁰.

Type of extract used: Ethanolic extract of Apium graveolens seeds was administered for male infertility ⁷⁰.

Animal models: Rats ⁷⁰ were used for evaluating the antifertility activity of Apium graveolens.

Some herbal plants exhibiting antifertility activity in females:

Several medicinal plants associated with antifertility activity in females are exists in India. These plants produce antifertility activity by acting through various mechanisms:

(a) Estrous cycle disruptors

(b) Anti-estrogenic agents

(c) Anti-implantation agents

(d) Abortifacient agents

Estrous cycle disruptors:

1. Rivea hypocrateriformis:

Common name: Night glory, vaividang

Family: Convolvulaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds ⁷¹.

Activities:

1. After administration of extract, the level of cholesterol increased due to the inhibition of steroidogenesis.
2. The myometrium and endometrium thickness and diameter were found to be increased indicating the uterotrophic effect.
3. The number of graffian follicles declined and increased in number of atretic follicle indicating antiovulatory effect ⁷².

Type of extract used: Ethanolic extract of Rivea hycrateriformis at dose level of 200-400 mg/kg/body weight in rats ⁷² disrupts the estrous cycle.

Animal models: Rats were used to explore the antifertility potential of Rivea hypocrateriformis ⁷².

2. Momordica charantia:

Common name: Bitter melon, karela

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Chemical constituents: The principle phytochemicals which causes antifertility are steroids, triterpinoids, reducing sugars, sugars, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins ⁷³.

Activities:

1. It exhibited irregular pattern of estrous cyclicity and increases the length of estrous cycle ⁷⁴.
2. The disruption of the estrous cycle was found to be executed by disturbance in ovarian function and estrous cyclicity through interplay of ovarian and extraovarian hormones ⁷⁴.
3. It may be inhibiting the estrogen production or competing for its receptor ⁷⁵.

Type of extract used: Methanolic extract of Momordica charantia seeds caused disturbances in the estrous cycle ⁷⁴.

Animal model: Rats ⁷⁴ were used for evaluating the female antifertility activity of Momordica charantia.

3. Aspilia Africana:

Common name: wild sunflower

Family: compositae

Chemical constituents: The phytochemicals are saponins, tannins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides ⁷⁶.

Activities:

1. It caused the alteration in estrous cycle by the prolonged proestrous and a reduced diestrous and estrous phase ⁷⁷.
2. It reduced the number of ova observed in oviduct ⁷⁷.
3. It caused the inflammation of the fallopian tube, degeneration in the ovarian cortex in the stroma cells of the ovary ⁷⁷.
4. It also caused the disruption of the endometrium of the uterus⁷⁷.

Type of extract used: Extract of Aspilia africana leaves was used for antifertility action ⁷⁷.

Animal models: Rats ⁷⁷ were utilised for finding the antifertility activity of Aspilia africana.

4. Anethum graveolens

Common name: Dill, sowa

Family: Umbelliferae

Chemical constituents: It contains tannins, glycosides, saponins, steroids, terpenoids and reducing sugars ⁷⁸.

Activities:

1. It increased the duration of diestrous phases and total time of the estrous cycle ⁷⁹.

Type of extract used: Ethanolic extract of Anethum graveolens was administered as estrous cycle disruptor ⁷⁹.

Animal models: Rats ⁷⁹ were used for demonstrating the antifertility activity of Anethum graveolens.

5. Cissampelos pareira:

Common name: Abuta, harjeuri

Family: Menispermaceae

Chemical constituents: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins, amino acid proteins and carbohydrates⁸⁰.

Activities:

1. It altered the estrous cycle pattern and prolonged the length of estrous cycle with significant increase in the duration of diestrous stage ⁸¹.
2. It also altered the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin and estradiol ⁸¹.

Type of extract used: Extract of Cissampelos pareira leaves were used for antifertility activity ⁸¹.

Animal models: Rats ⁸¹ were used for checking the antifertility activity of Cissampelos pareira leaves.

6. Curcuma longa:

Common name: Haldi

Family: Zingiberaceae

Chemical constituents: Phtochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, aminoacids and alkaloids ⁸².

Activities:

1. It caused the suppression of ovulation by the inhibition of estrous phase ⁸³.
2. It showed anti-estrogenic activity which either block the estrogen receptors or diminishing the estrogen synthesis due to decrease in cholesterol metabolism ⁸³.

Type of extract used: Extract of Curcuma longa was used for the suppression of estrous cycle ⁸³.

Animal models: Rats ⁸³ were used for investigating the female antifertility activity of Curcuma longa.

7. Acacia leucophloea

Common name: Reonja

Family: Mimosaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains tannins, flavonoids, terpenes and alkaloids ⁸⁴.

Activities:

1. It increased the proestrous phase while estrous and metaestrous phase decreases ⁸⁵.
2. It caused decreases in the weight of ovary ⁸⁵.
3. It increased the cholesterol content ⁸⁵.

Type of extract used: Alcoholic extract of Acacia leucophloea roots was used for estrous cycle disruptors ⁸⁵.

Animal models: Rats ⁸⁵ were used to evaluate the antifertility activity of Acacia leucophloea.

Anti-estrogenic agents:

1. Butea monosperma:

Common name: Flame of the forest, dhak

Family: Fabaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains glucose, glycine, glycoside and an aromatic hydroxyl compound ⁸⁶.

Activities:

1. It was significantly reduces the weight of the ovaries and increases the level of cholesterol ⁸⁷.
2. It inhibited the activity of G-6-PDH indicating anti-steroidogenic activity ⁸⁷.

Type of extract used: Petroleum ether and chloroform extract of Butea monosperma roots were used for antifertility action ⁸⁷.

Animal models: Mice ⁸⁷ were utilised for finding the antifertility activity of Butea monosperma extract.

2. Piper bitle:

Common name: Betel leaf, paan

Family: Piperaceae

Chemical constituents: It showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, gums, oils, steroids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, vitamins, organic acids and inorganic constituents ⁸⁸.

Activities:

It showed anti-estrogenic activity by decreasing the weight of the ovary ⁸⁹.

It reduced the circulating level of estrogen, fertility and number of litters ⁸⁹.

It also caused decline in serum glucose concentration, enzyme activity of acid phosphatise, SGOT and SGPT and increment in the level of cholesterol and ascorbic acid ⁸⁹.

Type of extract used: Ethanolic extract of Piper bitle leaves showing anti-estrogenic activity ⁸⁹.

Animal models: Rats ⁸⁹ were used for evaluating the anti-estrogenic activity of Piper bitle .

3. Cassia fistula:

Common name: Golden shower, amaltas

Family: Caesalpiniaceae

Chemical constituents: It showed the presence of anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and carbohydrates ⁹⁰.

Activities:

1. It showed strong anti-estrogenic activity in presence of a strong estrogen like estradiol valerate and significantly reduces the estrogen induced uterotrophic effect ⁹¹.
2. It was also prevents pregnancy when extract administered to the mated female rats ⁹¹.
   

Type of extract used: Aqueous extract of Cassia fistula seeds was used for anti-estrogenic activity ⁹¹.

Animal models: Rats ⁹¹ were used to explore the anti-estrogenic potential of Cassia fistula seeds.

4. Ocimum gratissimum:

Common name: Tulsi

Family: Lamiaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, glycosides, resins, steroids and tannins ⁹².

Activities:

1. It showed slight anti-estrogenic activity when given along with strong estrogen i.e. estradiol valerate ⁹³.
2. It declined the fertility index, number of uterine implants and live foetuses when administered in mated female rats ⁹³.

Type of extract used: Acetone extract of Ocimum gratissimum stem was administered for anti-estrogenic activity ⁹³.

Animal models: Rats ⁹³ are used for finding anti-estrogenic activity of Ocimum gratissium.

Anti-implantation agents:

1. Ficus religiosa

Common name: Pipal

Family: Moraceae

Chemical constituents: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of n-hexadecanoic acid, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid and butyl 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoate ⁷⁵.

Activities:

1. It dereased the thickness of surface epithelium, diameter of uterine glands, diameter of gland cells and thickness of the layer of myometrium ⁷⁵.

Type of extract used: An Extract of Ficus religiosa fruit was used for anti-implantation effect ⁷⁵.

Animal models: Goat ⁷⁵ was utilised for finding the anti-implantation activity of Ficus religiosa.

2. Calotropis procera:

Common name: Sodom apple, aak

Family: Asclipiadaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides ⁹⁴.

Activities: (i) It possessed strong anti-implantation activity ⁹⁵.

Type of extract used: Ethanolic extract of Calotropis procera roots was used for anti-implantation effect ⁹⁵.

Animal models: Rats ⁹⁵ were used to explore the female anti-fertility potential of Calotropis procera.

3. Terminalia belerica:

Common name: Baheda

Family: Combretaceae

Chemical constituents: It showed the presence of phytosterols, carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and tannins ⁹⁶.

Activities:

1. It caused loss of implantation due to anti-zygotic, blastocytotoxic or anti-implantation activity of Terminalia belerica ⁹⁷.

Type of extract used: Ethanolic extract of Terminalia belerica bark was used for anti-implantation activity ⁹⁸.

Animal models: Rats ⁹⁸ were used for checking the anti-implantation activity of Terminalia belerica.

4. Physalis alkekengi:

Common name: Bladder cherry, kakanaj

Family: Solanaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides ⁹⁹.

Activities:

1. It was act as antagonist of female sexual hormones i.e. estrogen and progesterone which involves in the maintenance of implanted embryo ⁹⁷.

Type of extract used: Extract of Physalis alkekengi plant was given for inhibition of implantation ⁹⁷.

Animal models: Rats ⁹⁷ were used for investigating the anti-implantation activity of Physalis alkekengi.

5. Leonotis ocymifolia:

Common name: Sun-Bird flower

Family: Lamiaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and tannins¹⁰⁰.

Activities:

1. It reduced the number of implants significantly ¹⁰¹.

Type of extract used: Ethanolic extract of Leonotis ocymifolia leaves were used ¹⁰¹.

Animal models: Rats ¹⁰¹ were used for finding anti-implantation activity of Leonotis ocymifolia.

6. Alianthus excelsa

Common name: Indian tree of heaven

Family: Simaroubaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains quassinoids, glaucarubinone, alianthin, β-sitisterol and malanthin ^{102, 103}, 1-p-deoxy-13-formylalianthiol and alianthin ^{104, 105}, excelsin, 13, 18-dehydroexcelsin, glaucarubin, glaucarbol, 13, 18-dehydro 15-isovalerate and trihydroxy triucal 7-ene ^{106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111}.

Activities:

1. It possessed strong anti-implantation activity ¹¹².
2. It increased uterine weight when administered with ethinyl estradiol indicating its significant anti-estrogenic activity ¹¹².

 

Type of extract used: Hydroalcoholic extract of Alianthus excelas stem bark was given for its anti-implantation activity ¹¹².

Animal models: Rats ¹¹² were used for evaluating the anti-implantation activity of Alianthus excelsa.

7. Atrabotrys odoratissimus:

Common name: Nag champa

Family: Annonaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains hydroxy-9-methoxypeterocarpan, nonacosanoic acid 2’, 3’-dihydroxypropyl ester, pentacosanoic acid 2’, 3’-dihydroxypropyl ester and docosanoic ¹¹³.

Activities:

It possessed strong anti-implantation activity and also produced the disturbances in the duration of the various stages of estrous cycle ¹¹⁴.

It reduced the number of implantation sites¹¹⁴.

Type of extract used: Benzene, ethanol and water extract of Atrabotrys odoratissimus leaves were used for causing infertility in females via anti-implantation activity ¹¹⁴.

Animal models: Rats ¹¹⁴ were used for evaluating the anti-implantation activity of Atrabotrys odoratissimus.

Abortifacient agents:

1. Coriandrum sativum:

Common name: Dhania

Family: Apiaceae

Chemical constituents: It showed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids¹¹⁵.

Activities: (i) It caused significant decrease in progesterone level of serum on day-5 of progesterone indicating abortifacient activity¹¹⁶.

Type of extract used: Aqueous extract of Coriandrum sativum seeds was used as abortifacient agent.

Animal model: Rats ¹¹⁶ were used to evaluate the abortifacient activity of Coriandrum sativum. 

2. Melia azedarach:

Common name: Chinaberry

Family: Meliaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids ¹¹⁷.

Activities:

1. It caused loss of implantation ¹¹⁸.
2. It was also significantly reduces myometrial thickness, uterine gland diameter, luminal diameter of uterine glands and luminal epithelium cell height ¹¹⁸.

Type of extract used: Extract of Melia azedarach seeds were used as abortifacient¹¹⁸.

Animal models: Rats ¹¹⁸ were used for finding the abortifacient potential of Melia azedarach.

3. Trianthema portulacastrum:

Common name: Horse purslane

Family: Aizoceae

Chemical constituents: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds and terpenoids ^{119, 120}.

Activities:

1. It possessed significant abortifacient activity ¹²⁰.
2. It also produced significant increases in uterine weight, diameter of the uterus and thickness of endometrium which indicates its mild anti-estrogenic activity ¹²⁰.

Type of extract used: Extract of Trianthema portulacastrum was used for abortifacient activity ¹²⁰.

Animal models: Rats ¹²⁰ were utilised for finding the abortifacient activity of Trianthema portulacastrum.

4. Balantis roxburghii:

Common name: Desert date

Family: Zygophyllaceae

Chemical constituents: It contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, gum and mucilage ^{121, 122}.

Activities:

It showed significant abortifacient activity ¹²¹.

It was also significantly increases the uterine weight diameter of uterus, thickness of endometrium and height of endometrial epithelium ¹²¹.

Type of extract used: Ethanolic extract of Balanties roxburghii fruits was given for abortion ¹²¹.

Animal models: Rats ¹²¹ were used for evaluating the abortifacient activity of Balanties roxburghii.

5. Cannabis sativa

Common name: Hemp, bhang

Family: Cannabinaceae

Chemical constituents: It showed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins and reducing sugars^{123, 124}.

Activities:

1. It was possessed strong abortifacient activity. It produced significant decrease in ovarian and uterine weight whereas non-significant increase in body weight ¹²³.
2. It also caused slight increment in serum progesterone level and decrement in serum estrogen level ¹²³.
3. The level of LH and FSH was found to be significantly reduced after administration of extract ¹²³.

Type of extract used: Alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa leaves was used for abortifacient effect ¹²³.

Animal models: Rats ¹²² were used for finding abortifacient potential of Cannabis sativa.

CONCLUSION: This review summarized scientific proven literature about phytochemical constituents, antifertility activities and type of extract used of various herbal medicinal plants for both males and females which being traditionally used. The present review also covered animal models used to explore the antifertility activity of the above mentioned plants. These herbal medicinal plants act as antifertility agents via various mechanisms in both males and females. Future research is also required to make preparation of these herbal plants in scientific manner to make them safe and effective.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The authors are sincerely thankful to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments in improvising the review article.

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     Devi P, Kumar P, Nidhi and Dhamija I: Antifertility Activity of Medicinal Plants on Male and Female Reproduction. Int J Pharm Sci Res 2015; 6(3): 988-01.doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6 (3).988-01.

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