BIOACTIVE POTENTIAL OF HERBS IN LIVER AND HEART HEALTH: INSIGHTS INTO ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND VASCULAR PATHWAYS

Cardiovascular and liver diseases are major contributors to global mortality and morbidity, sharing common underlying mechanisms such as oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. The functional interplay between the heart and liver further underscores the importance of therapeutic strategies targeting these interconnected pathways. While conventional pharmacological interventions remain essential, their single-target focus and potential adverse effects have encouraged exploration of complementary approaches. This review examines the potential roles of Origanum majorana, Ocimum sanctum, and Piper nigrum in supporting cardiovascular and liver health, with particular emphasis on their phytochemical composition and reported antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vascular modulating properties. Bioactive compounds present in these herbs including phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids have demonstrated the ability, primarily in experimental models, to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), modulate endogeneous antioxidant systems such as Nrf2-ARE pathway, maintain glutathione balance, and reduce lipid peroxidation. Additionally, certain phytochemicals have been reported to influence inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways associated with tissue damage. Emerging evidence suggests that these herbs may contribute to the modulation of oxidative and inflammatory processes relevant to cardiovascular and liver health. However, the majority of available data is derived from in-vitro and in-vivo studies, with limited clinical validation. Current experimental evidence supports the use of O. majorana, O. sanctum, and P. nigrum as multi-targeted agents offering cardio-hepatic protection. This review integrates traditional knowledge with current scientific evidence, providing a cautious appraisal of the potential role of these medicinal plants as complementary agents in the management of cardiovascular and liver disorders.