Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2026 in |
Buccal drug delivery has emerged as a compelling alternative to conventional administration routes due to the buccal mucosa’s favourable anatomical and physiological characteristics. Its rich vascularization, non-keratinized epithelium, and mucoadhesive potential collectively enable efficient systemic and localized drug delivery. These features facilitate rapid absorption of therapeutic agents while bypassing first-pass hepatic metabolism, thus significantly enhancing bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. The advantages of buccal drug absorption are manifold. The route allows for rapid onset of action, patient-friendly administration, and improved compliance through self-administration. Additionally, the use of mucoadhesive systems such as patches, films, and tablets improves retention time at the absorption site and enhances localized effects. However, despite its benefits, buccal drug delivery faces several limitations. Challenges include limited permeability for macromolecules, potential washout by saliva, variability in dose due to formulation inconsistencies, and patient discomfort with prolonged dosage form retention. These issues necessitate the use of innovative strategies to overcome physiological and formulation-based barriers. This review explores the structural advantages of the buccal mucosa, including its robust connective tissue,...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2026 in |
Me-too drugs are pharmacologically active compounds that have structural similarities to the first-in-class compound. Approximately 60% of drugs on the World Health Organization’s list of essential treatments fall into the “me-too” category. They are an important but contentious component of modern pharmacotherapy, with minor improvements in cost, efficacy, side effects, and compliance on one side of the coin, while on the other side it faces criticism for its growing popularity in a profit-driven development, in absence of new innovation and improper regulatory scrutiny. This review focuses on the primary reasons for the development of me-too drugs whether it is pharmaceutical company driven or actually benefiting patients, as well as the challenges they must overcome, regulatory requirements, differences with the biosimilars and future prospects. We found that me-too drugs have certain limitations in that they lack sufficient innovation affecting new drugs or target development, yet they are considered crucial for expanding treatment options, particularly for patients who cannot tolerate the first-in-class...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2026 in |
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are tiny particles with a size between 10 and 1000 nm, with the ability to contain or have active substances surface-adsorbed onto the polymeric core. Both nanospheres and nano capsules are under the umbrella of “nanoparticles,” which are distinguished by the morphological organization. For the targeted delivery of medications used to treat a variety of disorders, polymeric NPs have demonstrated considerable promise. We go through the most popular techniques for creating and characterizing polymeric NPs, the effectiveness of the active ingredient’s connection with the polymeric core, and in vitro release mechanisms in this review. Due to their adaptability and broad range of features, polymeric nanoparticles have recently gained more potential usage as carriers for a variety of pharmaceuticals in therapeutic applications. Due to the drawbacks of conventional pharmacological therapy, there will be a higher risk of unpleasant responses. These days, nanoparticles are becoming more and more significant since they enable activity at specific locations. These nanoparticles enable the precise targeting of different cells or receptors. Cellular...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2026 in |
Medication adherence is a critical determinant of therapeutic success, particularly in the long-term management of chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Despite the availability of effective pharmacological therapies, non-adherence remains a widespread and under-recognized problem that significantly compromises clinical outcomes, increases healthcare utilization, and imposes a substantial economic burden. This work provides a comprehensive overview of medication adherence, encompassing its definition, phases, determinants, and associated clinical and economic consequences. An extensive literature review, supported by population-based observations and case-based evaluations, is used to examine adherence challenges among patients with diabetes. Clinical evidence demonstrates that poor adherence contributes to uncontrolled glycaemic levels, disease progression, increased hospitalizations, and higher mortality risk. The multifactorial nature of non-adherence is highlighted, involving patient-related, therapy-related, socio-economic, condition-related, and healthcare system factors. Evidence-based strategies to improve adherence including patient education, regimen simplification, motivational interviewing, technological interventions, reminder systems, and pharmacist-led follow-up are critically discussed. Emphasis is placed on the pivotal role of pharmacists in identifying non-adherence, addressing barriers, and delivering patient-centred interventions. Overall, this review underscores...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2026 in |
Background: Alveolar bone defects are common in dentistry. Bone tissue repair involves a complex inflammatory process, regulated by osteoprogenitor cells from the periosteum and endosteum, which are vital for new bone matrix formation. Recently, plant extracts have gained attention as potential treatments for bone lesions. Moringa oleifera exhibits various medicinal properties, largely due to its flavonoid content, which supports osteoblastic proliferation. These compounds enhance osteogenic differentiation and aid in bone defect healing. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera in promoting bone regeneration in in-vivo models. Methodology: A comprehensive electronic literature search was conducted using Medline/PubMed database based on PICO analysis. From an initial pool of 40 papers, 6 in-vivo studies using Moringa oleifera-based biomaterials met the inclusion criteria. Results: After removing duplicates and irrelevant abstracts, 9 studies remained. Four were excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria. One additional paper was identified through hand searching, totaling 6 included studies. Animal models used were Cavia cobaya, rats, and rabbits. Moringa oleifera was applied in various forms: leaf...
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