Posted by admin on Sep 30, 2021 in |
Human pharmaceuticals and their metabolites affect the endocrine system and physiology of aquatic wildlife, which is an important global ecological concern. The published data from open-source toxicology and worldwide web resources reveal about 175 pharmaceuticals that can affect estrogen pathways to disrupt the endocrine system and metabolism. Such studies demand additional investigations on fish and wildlife. As predicted, the use of therapeutic drugs is expected to progressively increase over the coming years, following increased discharge in a freshwater environment. The widespread use and their incorrect dumping procedures have made these chemicals as contaminants of emerging concern (CEC). Particularly, the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are universally identified in surface water and soil, where they execute negative effects in living organisms. The associated presence of different drugs may undergo bioaccumulation, which causes potential toxicological effects on behaviour, histopathological alterations, reproductive and immunotoxic responses in fish and wildlife. However, the results of published literature revealed that the intensity of impacts is mostly regulated by the concentration of active pharmaceutical compounds, time of...
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Posted by admin on Sep 30, 2021 in |
Heterocyclic compounds represent the important structural key in pharmaceutical medicinal chemistry. In literature, five-membered heterocycles are reported to be a core moiety of various pharmaceutical drugs. Oxadiazole or furadiazole is a five-membered heterocyclic nucleus and is considered to be derived from furan by replacement of two methane (-CH=) groups by pyridine type nitrogen. Oxadiazole is a versatile lead compound for designing potent bioactive agents. 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole having verities of potential biological activities can be synthesized by various methods. Hence, nowadays, researchers have developed innovative methods for the synthesis of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives and their medicinal applications. The activities include anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anti-tubercular, anti-diabetic, antifungal, etc. In this review article, we have summarized various methods for synthesis of derivatives of 1, 3, 4 – oxadiazole nucleus and evaluation of various biological activities. The information in the present article may be useful to many researchers, which leads to the exploration of new therapeutic species for...
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Posted by admin on Sep 30, 2021 in |
Covid-2019: The pandemic that shook the entire world. There is no sarcasm if one says there will be a Pre and Post- COVID-19 world. Worldwide, millions of cases have been identified, and heaps have died. So many nations worldwide have issued a lockdown to stop the coronavirus’s unfolding, which triggered giant financial fallout. Like each and every incident has two dimensions, Covid-19 possesses both positive and negative aspects. This unfortunate pandemic’s positive aspect has been a fortunate scenario for many sectors, including pharmaceutical scientists all over the world, who are striving their best to discover antibodies that can fight the novel coronavirus. This review article mainly aims to study how this deadly pandemic has become a fortunate scenario for pharmaceutical scientists based on the data gathered (sources: websites, web blogs, reports on the internet study, newspapers, etc.). But there are some positive aspects, such as reducing pollution, reducing traffic accidents, and recognizing the importance of sanitation, hygiene, and social distancing. This pandemic revealed that there is a need to...
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Posted by admin on Sep 30, 2021 in |
Solid dispersion extended-release system involves amorphization of drug material that leads to creating an alternative pathway for poorly water-soluble drugs. The drug increases solubility due to an increase in apparent solubility of the particular drug. Crystalline lattices of the drug are disturbed during its manufacture, which minimizes the crystal packing energy for solubilization. Along with this, molecular level dispersion with the carrier increases the dissolution rate. Different challenges are involved in this type of system. Supersaturation creates the separation of solute and solution, causing it to be thermodynamically unstable. Recrystallization due thermodynamically unstable state of the system causes Intramatrix recrystallization. Agglomeration, polymer hydration and clumping of the system lead to the prevention of dissolution of non-ionic, amorphous active drugs. Various manufacturing processes such as mechanical stress, downstream processing, etc., significantly impact the performance of the drug systems. Despite these issues, approaches for SDS have been used to overcome these challenges. They are based on hydrophilic polymers, hydrophobic polymers, wax, and lipids systems. At present, the perfect SDS isn’t readily...
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Posted by admin on Sep 30, 2021 in |
In recent years, natural products such as Boswellic acids (BAs) have attracted researchers around the globe because of their significant potential against various diseases without any toxic effects. Boswellic acids, which belong to the pentacyclic triterpenes type of class, are extracted from the gum-resin portion of Boswellia serrata and many other different species such as Boswellia sacra, Boswellia papyrifera, and Boswellia carterii. The Boswellic acids obtained from these species are broadly classified into two categories as α-Boswellic acids and β-Boswellic acids. The six major recognized acids which are obtained from the gum resinous extract of Boswellia serrata and Boswellia carterii includes α-Boswellic and β-Boswellic acids, acetylated α-Boswellic acids and β-Boswellic acids and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-Boswellic acid and 11-keto-β-Boswellic acid. In recent years, several biological potentials of Boswellic acids have been investigated, including inhibition of inflammation, anti-arthritic, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-asthmatic, anti-cancer, etc. In addition to leukotriene inhibiting property, the Boswellic acid and their analogues also possess the potential to be used against inflammatory bowel disease and neurodegenerative diseases. The most common are...
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