Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2020 in |
Birth defects induced by maternal exposure to exogenous agents during pregnancy are preventable if the agents themselves can be identified and avoided. This might be the causative effect in mechanical fetal diseases and retarded in the development of embryo and fetus. Often, the safety of a drug in the mother’s fetuses and nursing infants cannot be determined until it has been widely used. This represents a particular case of an embryo with their abnormalities in the development of physiological induction and structural disorders in their progeny, by these consequences in occurrence with some agent’s leads to teratogenicity. These causative agents are may be chemical or physical, and some inhibit the nature of retardation in growth caused by ionization radiation, oxidative stress, etc. These malformations in neonates are majorly caused by the placental transfer of drugs from maternal-fetal circulation. The current review critically explores the issues of several classes of medication during gestation and seeking to promote general and concise resources used during pregnancy and...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2020 in |
Viruses are like hijackers. They invade living, normal cells, and replicate and create other viruses like themselves using those cells. This can destroy, harm, or change the cells and cause sickness. Various viruses in the human body invade other cells, such as the liver, respiratory system, or blood. Viruses are too small germs. Inside a protein matrix, they are made of genetic material inside of a protein coating. Different viruses can infect almost every type of body tissue from the brain to the skin depending on the virus ant the state of health of the individuals. Viral infections cannot be treated with conventional antibiotics (antibacterial-antibiotics); in fact, the use of antibacterial-antibiotics can cause serious side effects that worsen the viral infection in some cases. With a little help in the form of proper diet, hydration, relaxation, and rest, the overwhelming majority of human viral infections can be efficiently tackled by the body’s own immune system. As for the rest, treatment depends on the type and position of the virus...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2020 in |
Acute renal failure (ARF) is characterized by a rapid, potentially reversible decline in renal function, including a rapid fall in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and retention of nitrogenous waste products over a period of hours or days. The mortality rate of patients with ARF has remained 25–70% despite the use of various pharmacologic agents. Due to the multiple causes of renal failure, many animal models have been developed to advance our understanding of human nephropathy. Among the experimental models, rodents have been extensively used to enable a mechanistic understanding of kidney disease induction and progression, as well as to identify potential targets for therapy. Numerous experimental models have confirmed the nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin, cisplatin, acetaminophen, glycerol, CCl4, adenine, potassium dichromate, and others. Nephrotoxicity induced in these experimental models showed pathophysiological, ultrastructural and functional renal impairments in the form of tubular desquamation and necrosis and elevated blood urea and serum creatinine. The aim of this study was to know the mechanism of actions of different nephrotoxic agents for inducing...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2020 in |
In today’s 21st century, Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are the most researched material by world investigation of the growing industry due to their various reasons properties for use in many applications either in medical or other potential applications. Carbon nanotubes become increasingly popular in various fields simply because of their small size and amazing optical, electric, and magnetic properties when used alone or with additions of metals. Carbon nanotubes are described as a cylindrical rolled graphene sheet. They are cap with end containing the pentagonal ring and also cylindrical of graphene with a diameter of 12 nm. Carbon nanotubes have potential therapeutic applications in various fields like drug delivery for API, diagnostics, and biosensing. Functionalized carbon nanotubes can also act as vaccine delivery systems. The basic principle involved in this to link the antigen to carbon nanotubes while retaining its conformation, thereby inducing antibody response with the right specificity. With the increasing interest shown by the nanotechnology research community during this field, it’s expected that a lot of applications of...
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Posted by admin on Jul 31, 2020 in |
NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) show its effect by preventing prostaglandin synthesis, which reasons ulcer complications and mucosal damage all over the gastrointestinal tract. The world’s most accepted drug was aspirin for treatment of pain and inflammation without knowing that it has the ability to inhibit prostaglandin production by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme for the treatment of pain and inflammation, until the late 1970s. The discovery of cyclo-oxygenase isoenzyme (COX-1 and COX-2), and their distinct function leads to the development of COX-1 and COX-2 selective inhibitors without any gastrointestinal toxicity. Initial intimations of the second form of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), which has different sensitivity for other drugs like aspirin, finally accompanied in a stimulating period of cyclooxygenase inhibitor discovery, concluding in the overview of an absolutely new generation of anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of this paper is to review the development of COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. This paper also reviews that, what are the importance and history of natural products in the treatment of inflammation as COX-1 and COX-2...
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