Posted by admin on Feb 28, 2019 in |
Diabetes mellitus is a merge of assorted disorders commonly arise with happening of hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance due to which there be a lack of insulin production will occur. The two major classes of diabetes mellitus are type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus. For the prevention and controlling the increase of glucose, medical science uses a large array of pharmaceutical interventions. The disease occurs due to diabetes is of two types, the one which occurs in the small vessel is the microvascular disease, and the injury which occurs in the large blood vessels of the body is the macrovascular disease. Diabetic retinopathy is the common microvascular complication of diabetes. The diabetic retinopathy and the microvascular complication of diabetes are depending on the duration of diabetes and the severity of the increased production of glucose in the body. Various types of DR have been reported like mild non-proliferative retinopathy, moderate non-proliferative retinopathy, severe non-proliferative retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy. Some signaling mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of...
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Posted by admin on Feb 28, 2019 in |
Seaweeds are the potential marine living resources in the world. More than 20,000 seaweeds are distributed throughout the world, of which only 221 (1.1%) are commercially utilized, which includes 145 species for food and 110 species for phycocolloid production. The biodiversity of the marine environment and the associated chemical diversity constitute a practically unlimited resource of new active substances in the field of the development of bioactive products. Carrageenans are galactans extracted mainly from species belonging to Gigartinales. These sulfated galactans, consist of linear chains of D-galactopyranoses linked in a (1 & 3) and b (1 & 4). Seaweeds constitute some of the most important reservoirs of new therapeutic compounds for humans. Several of them have been shown to have many biological activities, including anticancer activity, in this present review study is mainly focused on Hypnea...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2019 in |
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that develops from ductal and lobular cells of the breast. It is the most commonly occurring female cancer in the world. After cervical cancer, breast cancer is the second most common cancer in India. Several factors are known to affect the risk of breast cancer. There is mainly two types of breast cancer: ductal and lobular carcinoma. Estrogen, directly and indirectly, stimulates the growth of tumor cells. Several procedures can be used to diagnose breast cancer mainly radiological investigations, estrogen, and progesterone receptor test, and genomic assay. Breast cancer stages describe by the TNM staging system. Breast cancer treatment includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. The estrogen receptor (ER) is an important target to develop drugs for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. The interaction of estrogen with the ER can result in increased proliferation of target cells, so the rationale for endocrine therapy is to block the interaction of estrogen with the ER. This goal can be accomplished by using...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2019 in |
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) mediates reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) through its potential to accept excess cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues, and delivers it to the liver for breakdown and excretion. HDL also has pleiotropic properties such as anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, and capacity to remove oxidized sterols and phospholipids from the circulation. HDL is composed of apolipoprotein A-I, the major lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A-II, the minor lipoprotein. For HDL to carry out reverse cholesterol transport, it has to transform to make it suitable for acceptance of cholesterol and phospholipids. Therefore, in this review, we explore the composition and the various sizes of HDL. Further, we review the biosynthesis and remodeling of HDL by various proteins, enzymes and receptors such as ATP-binding cassette transporter class B-1 (ABCA1), endothelial lipase (EL), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase LCAT), and phospholipids transfer protein (PLTP). Finally, we describe the pathways involved in the removal of cholesterol from the peripheral tissue and the current therapeutic strategies to increase levels...
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Posted by admin on Jan 31, 2019 in |
Orphan drugs are medicines or vaccines intended to treat, prevent or diagnose a rare disease (viz., Huntington’s disease, myoclonus disease, Tourette syndrome, etc.). The definition of rare diseases varies across jurisdictions but typically considers disease prevalence, severity, and existence of alternative therapeutic options. A rare disease is not universal and depends on the legislation and policies adopted by each region or country. In the last 35 years, ODA (Orphan Drug Act, 1983) has been adopted in several countries worldwide (USA, Australia, European Union, Japan, etc.) and has successfully promoted R and D investments to develop new pharmaceutical products for the treatment of rare diseases. The incidences of such diseases have been increasing at a greater pace than the speed with which drugs are researched and developed to treat such diseases. One of the major reasons is that the pharmaceutical industry is not very keen to research the development of orphan drugs as these drugs do not capture a bigger market. This is the current scenario in-spite of the various...
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