Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2018 in |
Aspergillus produces both airborne and waterborne infections with deadly consequences depending on the species involved and the immune status of patients. Patients may remain asymptomatic for up to 18 months. The severity of aspergillosis is mainly seen in HSCT recipients with mortality up to 90%. Though aspergillosis is primarily opportunistic and lung is the primary site of infection yet deviation observed where the primary site was organs other than lungs. The major reasons behind invasion are prolonged (>3 weeks) high dose corticosteroid therapy, broad-spectrum antibiotics, CMV infection, iron overload, decreased neutrophil count (<500 cells/mm3), etc. Monoclonal technology in the form of EB-A2 and JF5 antibody can identify fungal antigen much before the appearance of clinical symptoms. Selection of a test and its success to determine fungal invasion depend on associated morbidity as galactomannan assay is more suitable in HSCT recipients rather than solid organ transplant recipients whereas PCR is specific for cancer patients with thrombocytopenia to differentiate between aspergillosis and histoplasmosis. Thorough knowledge about the neutrophil profile is required...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2018 in |
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer death. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. It is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer mortality. Despite advances in prevention techniques and new technologies in both diagnosis and treatment incidence and mortality continue to rise. It is less common in most parts of the developed Western world but appears to be increasing substantially in incidence. This malignancy occurs more often among men and older person. Rates of HCC are particularly high in Eastern / Southeastern Asia and Africa, intermediate in Southern Europe and low in most high-income countries. The most prominent risk factors for this cancer are hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Some other factors are participating in a high incidence of HCC such as cirrhosis, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, obesity, aflatoxin exposure, familial/genetic factors, and metabolic disorders. The present review has aimed an overview of worldwide incidence, determinants or risk factors...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2018 in |
Infective diarrhoea is a common cause of malnutrition in children <5 years of age. The aetiological agents may be bacteria, viruses or parasites. The bacterial agents cause diarrhoea by either secretion of toxins which act on the small intestine to cause outpouring of fluids into the lumen as seen in Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus or by damaging mucosa resulting in dysentery like that seen in infection with Shigella, non-typhoidal Salmonellae, Vibrio parahemolyticus, Clostridium difficile and Campylobacter. This article summarizes the common bacterial etiological agents, clinical presentation of illness caused the laboratory diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility testing of these...
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Posted by admin on Oct 31, 2018 in |
Encapsulation of thymol is important for its volatile nature, taste, and antispasmodic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. This review provides a summary of thymol encapsulation in different biodegradable polymers along with the methods of encapsulation and control release in various parts of the body. Biodegradability of shell material along with its health compatibility and the half life of the core material and knowledge of microstructure are some of the main issues that must be addressed while studying encapsulation of Pharmaceutically Active Ingredients (PAI). Different biodegradable polymers used for the encapsulation of thymol are xanthum gum, poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), gelatine, starch, sodium alginate and ethyl cellulose. Preparative conditions, such as concentration ratios, temperature, stirring speed, and nature of solvent used, have deterministic effect on the polymer shell formed around the core material. Purposes for encapsulation of PAI may be numerous, such as controlled release, targeted controlled release, protection/preservation, economic utilization, convenient packaging, and clever option for storage, easy portability and formulation, modification/ hiding undesirable property such as taste,...
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Posted by admin on Oct 31, 2018 in |
Pluronic lecithin organogels (PLOs) are thermo-dynamically stable, biocompatible, viscoelastic with improve drug permeation and localised action. PLOs have gained much popularity compared with other traditional topical and transdermal drug delivery system owing to their lower cost, flexibility of dose and longer contact time. PLOs enhances the permeability of drugs because of desired drug partitioning, modification of skin barrier system by its components and biphasic drug solubility that is it enhanced solubility of poorly soluble drugs and increased penetrability of hydrophilic drugs. In this review we discuss the insights of PLOs as topical and transdermal drug delivery...
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