Posted by admin on Apr 30, 2025 in |
The kidney is an important organ in waste filtration, plays a central role in maintaining body homeostasis. The management of kidney stones includes several techniques over the period of time which involve Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL), Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and Ureteroscopy (URS). Ureteroscopy has undergone considerable innovations over the last few decades. Laser technologies have further advancement for kidney stone removal that is Holmium fiber laser technique and thulium fiber laser technique. Holmium laser technique removes the stone by dusting and fragmenting it. The selection of technique depends on stone type, size and location. Thulium fiber laser has higher precision and efficiency due to its shorter wavelengths and continuous-wave emission characteristic. These technological advancements have resulted in more positive patient outcomes due to reduction in recovery times and fewer complications. This review provides complete overview of the physiology of the kidney, composition of kidney stone, factors affecting on their formation and the management techniques with focusing on the development of ureteroscopy and the latest laser technologies for kidney stone...
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Posted by admin on Apr 30, 2025 in |
Several fast-dissolving drug delivery systems have been designed to address issues like accurate dosing in liquid dosage formulation (suspension, emulation, syrup etc.) and swelling problems in solid dosage form (capsule, Tablet etc.). To fill these gaps fast-dissolving drug delivery system have been designed to address these issues. Biggest advantage of having Oral thin Film is, it can be taken without water, Easy to tackle and carry. Oral thin film formulates with various polymers, plasticizers, active pharmaceutical ingredients, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents, stabilizing saliva enhancing agents and thickening agents. The method of preparation for oral thin film were reported are solvent casting, Semisolid casting, Hot melt extrusion, Solid dispersion extrusion and rolling. The current evaluation gives an account of different formulations methods of preparation and quality control of the fast-dissolving oral thin film. Stable drug-type tablets and capsules are inconvenient to administered for many pediatric and geriatric...
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Posted by admin on Apr 30, 2025 in |
Haemangiomas are vascular lesions caused by abnormal blood vessel proliferation, especially in children. Kasabach-Merritt syndrome (KMS) is a rare and life-threatening thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy associated with aggressive vascular tumors in infancy and younger children. Kasabach-Merritt phenomena is a unique phenomenon in kaposiform hemangioendotheliomas (KHE) and tufted angiomas (TA), occurring in 70% of KHE cases and less often in TA instances. Risk factors for KMS include patient age under 6 months, lesion size greater than 5.0 cm, and the presence of a mixed lesion. Diagnosis of KMS is essential for preventing hemorrhagic complications and establishing a treatment plan. Physical examination, imaging, and biopsy are essential for identifying the underlying vascular tumors. Severe thrombocytopenia, a component of Kaposiform hemangiomas, is a potentially fatal side effect of vascular tumors in children. Treatment aims to manage thrombocytopenia and avoid lethal outcomes. According to SEOP (Spanish Society of Pediatric Oncology) guidelines for vascular tumors complicated by KMS, including vincristine, aspirin, and ticlopidine (VAT therapy). Corticosteroids are the most commonly used acute treatment for...
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Posted by admin on Apr 30, 2025 in |
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) accounts for a significant proportion of TB infections worldwide; however, its diverse clinical manifestations and tissue-specific involvement make diagnosis and treatment challenging. Recent years have seen substantial improvements in both the diagnosis and treatment of EPTB. Bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid have revolutionized the treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. These drugs, often used in combination, enhance outcomes for both pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases. Corticosteroids, immunomodulators like interferon-gamma, and vitamin D supplements effectively reduce inflammation and boost the immune response in severe cases of tuberculosis meningitis or pericarditis. Advanced drug delivery technologies, such as nanoparticles and liposomes, can improve drug bioavailability and target affected areas while minimizing overall toxicity. In resource-limited settings, the Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course (DOTS) strategy helps improve treatment adherence and outcomes. Future goals include personalizing drug regimens based on genetic and resistance profiles and developing shorter, less toxic treatment protocols. Expanding molecular diagnostic tools and laboratory capacity will enhance early detection and treatment. These advancements in EPTB management are expected to improve...
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Posted by admin on Apr 30, 2025 in |
Transthyretin is essential for transporting retinol and thyroxine, produced mainly in the liver. TTR amyloidosis occurs when misfolded TTR aggregates form amyloid fibrils, leading to organ dysfunction. FAP (Familial amyloid polyneuropathy linked to mutations like the V30M variant, causes progressive sensory and autonomic neuropathy with a poor prognosis if untreated. TTR-related cardiomyopathy involves amyloid deposition in the heart, resulting in heart failure. The NEURO-TTRansform trial methodology provides a robust framework for evaluating the efficacy and safety of Eplontersen in patients with ATTRv-PN and ATTR-CM. The detailed assessment of both clinical outcomes and pharmacokinetics contributes to understanding Eplontersen’s potential as a transformative therapy for this patient population. Recent treatment advancements include eplontersen that reduces TTR production by targeting TTR mRNA, effectively preventing amyloid fibril formation. Clinical trials, such as the NEURO-TTRansform study, demonstrated significant efficacy: eplontersen led to an adjusted mean reduction in serum TTR levels of -81.7% compared to placebo, along with improvements in neuropathy impairment (mNIS+7 score change of -24.8, P < 0.001) and quality of life (Norfolk...
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