Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2015 in |
The selected theories are based on studies investigating the possible role of stress hormones and cytokine; gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA); glutamate; monoaminergic transmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine; omega-3 fatty acid; T-cell; β-endorphine; synaptic plasticity; endocrine system and endocannabinoids in the pathophysiology of depression. Because all theories of depression apply to only some types of depressed patients but not others, and because depressive pathophysiology may vary considerably across the course of illness, the current extant knowledge argues against a unified hypothesis of depression. As a consequence, antidepressant treatments, including psychological and biological approaches, should be tailored for individual patients and disease states. Individual depression hypotheses based on neurobiological knowledge are discussed in terms of their interest to both clinicians in daily practice and clinical researchers developing novel...
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Posted by admin on May 30, 2015 in |
Bacterial Food Poisoning’ is a common name given to predominantly gastro-intestinal infections which arise after the consumption of food or drink that is contaminated with disease-causing bacteria. Over 250 organisms are known to cause food borne illnesses. Ayurveda is an ancient medical science & has described the food poisoning indirectly in the form of Anna Vishaktata. The aims of present study are to collect, elaborate, evaluate & discuss the Bacteria and Bacterial Food Poisoning in aspect of Ayurveda. In Ayurveda there are so many words are used for bacteria like invisible krimi, Vaikaric krimi, Agantuj, Rakshasa, Bhut and Pisacha directly, indirectly. In the 19th century Acharya Gannath Sen translate the word bacteria in the form of Jeevanu which is causative factor for many diseases. The infectious food poisoning which may be due to ingestion of food/water contaminated with poisons of Agantuj (pathogens including bacteria) is also found in Ayurveda. The infectious disease is given under Aupasargik Vyadhi & Epidemiology is elaborated under the heading of Janapadadhwansa in Ayurveda. The...
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Posted by admin on May 30, 2015 in |
Heterocyclic compounds are acquiring more importance in recent years because of their pharmacological activities. Pyrazolones have a particular value due to their broad spectrum of biological activity and their wide ranging utility as synthetic tools in the design of various bioactive molecules. Pyrazolone is a five membered lactum ring, containing two nitrogen and one ketonic group in its structure. In addition, pyrazolones possess antimicrobial, antifungal, antimycobacterial, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, gastric secretion stimulatory, antidepressant and antifilarial activities. They also serve as precursors for dyes, pigments, pesticides and chelating agents, besides finding applications in the extraction and separation of various metal ions. The high therapeutic properties of the pyrazolone releted drugs have encouraged the medicinal chemists to synthesized a large number of novel chemotherapeutic agents. Numerous methods for the synthesis of pyrazolone and also their various structure reactions offer enormous scope in the field of medicinal chemistry. This articles aims to review the work reported, their chemistry and biological activities of pyrazolone during past...
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Posted by admin on May 30, 2015 in |
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1), are a superfamily of metalloenzymes in higher vertebrates, including humans. Sixteen distinct isoenzymes of CA are known to exist in mammals and most of these isoenzymes have been extensively investigated in terms of their biochemical properties, tissue distribution, and genetic control. There are cytosolic isozymes (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII and CA XIII), membrane bound examples (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII and CA XIV), and mitochondrial (CA VA and CA VB) and secreted (CA VI) isoforms. It was proposed that hCA IX is a multidomain protein consisting of an N-terminal proteoglycan like (PG) domain, a CA catalytic domain, a transmembrane segment (TM), and an intracytoplasmic (IC) portion. Carbonic anhydrase IX and XII inhibitors can prove to be effective in treatment of hypoxic tumours. Moreover the side effects with these drugs will be less than those caused by other anticancer drugs as these enzymes are present constitutively in only a few...
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Posted by admin on May 30, 2015 in |
A novel, high-throughput, reverse phase-ultra performance liquid chromatographic (RP-UPLC) method has been developed for the quantification of Pregabalin and its related impurities in drug substance. The stability-indicating capability of the developed method is demonstrated using forced degradation samples from stress conditions such as hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal and photolytic degradation. The separation of known impurities and degradation impurities are accomplished using a phenyl-hexyl stationary phase with 100 mm length and 1.7 µm particle size in short run time (10 min). The developed method employs a linear gradient elution with phosphate buffer pH 6.2-acetonitrile as mobile phase, and is validated in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization requirements. During forced degradation it has been observed significant degradation of drug substance in base hydrolysis and oxidative stress conditions, and slight degradation of drug substance in acid hydrolysis and thermal stress conditions. The ten major oxidative degradation impurities formed are identified by LC-MS, HR-MS and NMR techniques and the proposed structure are...
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