Posted by admin on Oct 1, 2014 in |
The presence of an excess amount of pharmaceutical impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients and control of these are a major issue for all pharmaceutical companies. It is essential to know the presence of impurities in the drug substances and control them up to a certain level to avoid adverse effects. Impurities in organic drug molecules can be developed during organic synthesis, formulation or upon aging of active pharmaceutical ingredients, which may affect the quality, safety, and efficacy of drugs. Impurity profile is defined as the description of identified and unidentified impurities present in new drugs as per ICH guidelines. The identification of the impurities of different drugs is done by a variety of available Chromatographic and Spectroscopic techniques. The different analytical methods are utilized for characterization and identification of impurities such as Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), Gas Chromatography (GC), Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), UV-Visible, IR, Mass, NMR and Raman spectroscopy. In this review article, a...
Read More
Posted by admin on Sep 2, 2014 in |
Co-crystals consists of API and a stoichiometric amount of a pharmaceutically acceptable co-crystal former. Pharmaceutical Co-crystals are nonionic supramolecular complexes and can be used to address physical property issues such as solubility, stability, and bioavailability in pharmaceutical development without changing the chemical composition of the API. Cocrystal is a crystalline entity formed by two different or more molecular entities where the intermolecular interactions are weak forces like hydrogen bonding and π- π stacking. Super porous systems, biodegradable hydrogel systems. Co-crystallization alters the molecular interactions and composition of pharmaceutical materials and is considered a better alternative to optimize drug properties. Co-crystals offer a different pathway, where any API, regardless of acidic, basic, or ionizable groups, could potentially be co-crystallized. This aspect also helps complement existing methods by reintroducing molecules that had limited pharmaceutical profiles based on their nonionizable functional groups. The article gives a brief review of the co-crystallization, its difference from other states and its importance as an alternative over slat formation. The review also highlights the current FDA...
Read More
Posted by admin on Sep 1, 2014 in |
In cancers, many signals were involved in self-renewal, differentiation and proliferation. Especially, Wnt signaling pathway plays crucial impact in stem cells and cancer development. Wnt genes were involved in the stimulation of Wt signaling pathway in stem cells development. Despite, mutation and overexpression of Wnt genes induced regulation of carcinogenesis. Out of 19 Wnt genes, each Wnt gene has a crucial role in the growth of stem cells and cancer stem cells. In cancer stem cells, aberrant expression of Wnt genes implicated a variety of cancer. Clinical studies, Inhibition of Wnt signaling pathway one of the expensive strategies of cancer therapy. Drugs were developed against cancer development based on inhibition of abnormality of Wnt...
Read More
Posted by admin on Sep 1, 2014 in |
Pharmaceutical semisolid preparations include ointments, pastes, cream, emulsions, gels, and rigid foams. They serve as carriers for drugs that are topically delivered by way of the skin, cornea, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, urethral membrane, and external ear lining. Semisolids can adhere to the application surface for sufficiently long periods before they are washed off. This property helps prolong drug delivery at the application site. Novel semisolids are non-greasy since they are made up of washable water bases. Hence they cause less irritation to skin and are superior to the conventional semisolid dosage form. Now a day, novel creams are available in the market provided with nanoparticles and microspheres. Similarly, novel gels are available, including microemulsion gel, bioadhesive gel, organogel, thermosensitive sol-gel, pH-responsive complexation gel, etc. Oleaginous ointments are preferred for dry, chapped skin in an environment of low humidity because of its occlusive properties. A semisolid is evaluated by the following parameters such as spreadability, extrudability, viscosity measurement of pH, drug content, rheological properties, etc. This...
Read More
Posted by admin on Sep 1, 2014 in |
Bryophytes, a small group of lower plant phylogenetically placed between algae and the vascular plants comprise of hornworts, liverworts, and mosses. They are the second largest group of land plants and extremely rich in a variety of biologically active compounds viz. terpenoids, phenols, glycosides, and fatty acids. This small slow-growing group of plants is stockroom of naturally occurring materials and have been investigated for the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-venomous, and anti-leukemic activity. In recent years, bryophytes have emerged as a potential biopharming tool for the production of complex biopharmaceuticals. Even though bryophytes could be used in medicine, the use of bryophytes for applied research with implications for human health is still not fully explored. Investigations are hindered commonly because of minute size and difficulties in identifying diverse species of bryophytes. In the present review, we focused on therapeutic uses of bryophytes in detail that will widely open the door for the use of different bryophytes in plant biotechnology and to meet the demand of novel drug...
Read More
