Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2013 in |
Plant products such as leafs, barks, seeds etc., hold pharmacologically active moieties for drug discovery and development of semisynthetic drugs from natural products. However, as therapeutically effective these plant derived molecules may be, most herbal medicines lack in the scientific information regarding their constituents and impurities. In recent times, due to the development of chromatographic techniques, their medicinal uses are substantiated with relevant to the constituents present. Standardization of plant extract before formulation of herbal medicines and export is much needed. In the present article an attempt was made to enlist the immunomodulatory constituents from plant...
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Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2013 in |
The determination of drugs in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids is of pivotal importance in the pharmaceutical and medical sciences. Successful analysis requires sensitivities at ppb level or even less in biological fluids with high selectivity and minimal interferences from various artifacts. Till recently, biopharmaceutical analysis relied principally on spectrophotometric assay, chromatographic methods including gas-liquid chromatography (GC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), GC-mass spectrometry (GS-MS), LC-MS-MS, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and related techniques. Recent trends in drug analysis are the use of electrochemical detectors coupled with LC or flow injection systems. With the considerable progress in analytical instrumentation, modern electrochemical methods are gaining popularity in determination of therapeutic agents and/or their metabolites in clinical samples at extremely low concentrations (10-50 ng/ml) and yet they are highly sensitive, robust and inexpensive. The electrochemical detection offers extreme selectivity as fewer electroactive interferents and moreover, only very small volume of biological sample is needed. The present review provides comprehensive information on the literature on the application of modern electrochemical methods...
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Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2013 in |
Multiparticulate drug delivery systems like pellets, granules, micro particles, minitablets etc., prove to be promising and highly flexible systems with ease of formulating with different drug release kinetics. These multiparticulate dosage forms are essential where drug-excipients or drug-drug physicochemical interactions are possible in a single-unit formulation. In present times, pelletization technologies are gaining much attention as they represent an efficient pathway for manufacture of oral drug delivery systems. Pelletization is an agglomeration process that converts fine powders or granules of bulk drugs and excipients into small, free flowing semi-spherical units. Pellets, being multiparticulate systems, are widely used due to the technological as well as therapeutic advantages over single-unit dosage forms. The present review focus on advantages, disadvantages, formation of pellet growth, different pelletization techniques, characterization, marketed pellets products and also outlines recent developments in the pharmaceutical approaches that have been used to prepare pelletized dosage forms with different techniques like Hot Melt Extrusion-Spheronization, Freeze and Cryopelletization, Microtabletting...
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Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2013 in |
Biosimilars are defined as officially approved new version of innovator bio-therapeutic products for which the patent has expired. Biosimilars the ‘generic’ versions of biopharmaceuticals, continue to enter Indian pharmaceutical market, to treat a variety of diseases. Biosimilars available in India include monoclonal antibodies for treating various malignant and immunological disorders, growth factors like erythropoietin and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), human insulins for treating diabetes mellitus etc. In the recent scenario, there is an increasing demand for biological drugs. The development and production of biosimilars are boosted by existing manufacturing technology. Due to no investment in phase I-II of clinical trials, biosimilars are available at cheaper prices than the reference products, so that it has low market risk. The main goal of this review is that the phase I-II trials are typically not required for biosimilar approval unless it is found necessary in special cases. Phase III trials with a minimum of 100 patients are mandatory for establishing bioequivalence. Therefore, the total cost to develop a biosimilar in India...
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Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2013 in |
Nasal drug delivery has occupied an important place in the field of drug delivery technology. Transmucosal nasal delivery is a promising drug delivery option where common drug administration’s (e.g. intravenous, intramuscular, and oral) are inapplicable. This route is also advisable for drugs undergoing extensive first pass effect. The physiology of the nose presents obstacles, but offers a promising route for non-invasive systemic delivery of numerous therapies and debatably drug delivery route to the brain. Nasal route is easily accessible for self-administration without the help of health professionals and no needle stick hazards are associated with nasal administration. To overcome these problems in nasal drug delivery, deep understanding and study of the various factors affecting nasal delivery is muust. Thus present review focuses on various aspects of nasal drug delivery with special emphasis on various formulations available, obstacles, advancement and future prospects in nasal drug...
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