Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2013 in |
Combinatorial chemistry is a new methodology by which we can simultaneously synthesize a number of possible compounds that could produce simultaneously a very large number of compounds, called libraries.Combinatorial chemistry involves the rapid synthesis or the computer simulation of a large number of different but often structurally related molecules or materials. Combinatorial chemistry is especially common in CADD (Computer aided drug design) and can be done online with web based software, such as Molinspiration.In the past, chemists have traditionally made one compound at a time. For example compound A would have been reacted with compound B to give product AB, which would have been isolated after reaction work up and purification through crystallization, distillation, or chromatography. In contrast to this approach, combinatorial chemistry offers the potential to make every combination of compound A1 to Am with compound B1 to Bn. Although combinatorial chemistry has only really been taken up by industry since the 1990s, its roots can be seen as far back as the 1960s when a researcher at...
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Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2013 in |
Preservatives prolong the shelf-life of food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals by preventing their spoilage. Antimicrobials such as nitrites, nitrates, benzoates and sulfur dioxide destroy or delay the growth of bacteria, yeast and molds. Anti-oxidants such as butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), and propyl gallate slow or stop the breakdown of fats and oils. Anti-enzymatic preservatives such as citric and erythorbic acids block the enzymatic processes such as ripening occurring in foodstuffs even after harvest. Natural substances like salt, sugar, vinegar and spices have been used as preservatives since time immemorial. The majority of preservatives used today are artificial rather than natural. Several of them are toxic and several others have potentially life-threatening side effects. Researchers have reported that artificial preservatives such as nitrates, benzoates, sulfites, sorbates, parabens, formaldehyde, BHT, BHA and several others can cause serious health hazards such as hypersensitivity, allergy, asthma, hyperactivity, neurological damage and cancer. Research has proven that several natural preservatives obtained from plants, animals, microbes and minerals contain antioxidant, antimicrobial and antienzymatic properties. Extracts...
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Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2013 in |
Carissa spinarum L. is a small spinous evergreen shrub growing throughout India in dry regions.The plant used locally in Indian and Chinese system of medicines to cure various diseases. Carissa spinarum has also been used in the Ayurvedic medical system because of its therapeutic effects against liver disease, epileptic disease, microbial disease, cytotoxic, viral diseases.The isolated metabolites and crude extract have exhibited a wide of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological effect, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antiarthritic, antihelmintic, cytotoxic activity. A chemical study of this plant was then initiated, and this led to the isolation of 12 compounds, including a coumarin, two cardiac glycosides and nine lignans. These isolated compounds were evaluated for several biological activities, including antiherpetic, cytotoxic, antioxidant and antibacterial effects.A shrub, Carissa spinarum have emerged as a good source of the traditional medicines for the treatment of inflammation, arthritis, microbial infection, epilepsy, viral infection, cancer disease. Pharmacological results have validated the use of this species in the traditional medicines. Some bioassays are difficult reproduce...
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Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2013 in |
The article attempts to discuss the issues associated with technology transfer in the pharmaceutical industry. A major decision focuses on that point where the idea or process is advanced from a research- oriented program to target toward commercialization. The success of any program is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the communication preceding its implementation. The ultimate goal for successful technology transfer is to have documented evidence that the manufacturing processes for drug substances and drug product, respectively, are robust and effective in producing the drug substances and drug product complying with the registered specifications and Good Manufacturing Practice requirements. The Pharmaceutical Technology Transfer activities are to transfer product and process knowledge between development and manufacturing, and within or between manufacturing sites to achieve product realisation. This knowledge forms the basis for the manufacturing process, control strategy, process validation approach and ongoing continual improvement. To take all the gathered knowledge and use it as the basis for the manufacturing control strategy, the approach to process qualification and on-going continuous...
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Posted by admin on Jun 1, 2013 in |
Anaemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects the overall health of the patients leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) have been the standard of care for the treatment of such patients since last 20 years. These agents have the potential to increase mean haemoglobin levels in both pre dialysis and dialysis maintenance phases hence lowering the cardiovascular complications and all-cause mortality. After epoetin and darbepoetin, Peginesatide, a novel pegylated erythropoietin (EPO) mimetic agent has recently been approved in March, 2012. Its better stability, once a month administration and non-immunogenicity makes this a preferable ESA. This review will elucidate the available evidence on efficacy and safety of this drug after analyzing various studies conducted in patients with renal anaemia. Searches of Pubmed, Cochrane database, Medscape, Google and clinicaltrial.org were made for terms like peginesatide, CKD, ESA and renal...
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