Posted by admin on Oct 1, 2012 in |
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is the presence of myocardial dysfunction in the absence of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Hyperglycemia seems to be central to the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy and to trigger a series of maladaptive stimuli that result in myocardial fibrosis and collagen deposition. These processes are thought to be responsible for altered myocardial relaxation characteristics and manifest as diastolic dysfunction on imaging. Sophisticated imaging technologies also have permitted the detection of subtle systolic dysfunction in the diabetic myocardium. In the early stages, these changes appear reversible with tight metabolic control, but as the pathologic processes become organized, the changes are irreversible and contribute to an excess risk of heart failure among diabetic patients independently of common comorbidities, such as coronary artery disease and hypertension. Therapeutic agents specifically targeting processes that lead to these pathophysiologic changes are in the early stages of development. Although glycemic control and early administration of neuro-hormonal antagonists remain the cornerstones of therapeutic approaches, newer treatment targets are currently being...
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Posted by admin on Oct 1, 2012 in |
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) also commonly known as “patches” are dosage forms designed to deliver a therapeutically effective amount of drug across a patient’s skin. The therapeutic performance of a transdermal delivery system (TDS) can be affected by the quality of contact between the patch and the skin. The adhesion of the TDS to the skin is obtained by using pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs), which are defined as adhesives capable of bonding to surfaces with the application of light pressure. This article provides an overview of types of transdermal, the anatomical considerations and role of adhesion, the possible adhesion failure modes and how adhesion can be measured. Several in vitro techniques have been used to monitor adhesive performance such as peel adhesion, tack and shear strength. This article provides a frame work for further discussion and scientific work to improve transdermal adhesive...
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Posted by admin on Oct 1, 2012 in |
Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C. F. Liang et A. R. Ferguson is a sub-family of the genus Actinidia, which is also known as Chinese gooseberry, kiwifruit, yangtao, etc. in China, and consists of 55–60 species. The genus Actinidia is a dioecious plant and is widely distributed on the Asian continent. It is also native to China and most of the species are cultured in the southwest of China. Out of all species, only A. deliciosa is intensely cultivated all over the world. In addition, the fruit of Actinidia deliciosa has been acclaimed for its native and medicinal values. It contains several phytoconstituents belonging to category of triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, quinones and steroids. The roots of Actinidia deliciosa has been used as a traditional drug in China for a long time and are reported as Chinese folk remedy for various diseases, such as hepatitis, pyorrhea, gingivitis, edema, rheumatoid arthritis, and also various forms of cancer. Kiwi fruit has been used as mild laxative and a rich source of Vitamins. The...
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Posted by admin on Oct 1, 2012 in |
Neuropathic pain is considered as an inappropriate response caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the PNS or CNS). Neuropathic pain can manifest itself as either without a stimulus (stimulus-independent pain) and/ or as pain hypersensitivity elicited after a stimulus (stimulus-evoked pain). Stimulus-independent pain includes symptoms described by the patient such as (a) continuous, burning pain (b) intermittent shooting, lancinating pain (c) some dysaesthesias. Conversely, stimulus-evoked pain describes signs the physician induces after mechanical, thermal or chemical stimulation, and usually involves hyperalgesia or allodynia. The mechanism(s) underlying neuropathic pain are not completely understood but are considered to be complex, multifactorial and to evolve over time. Neuropathic pain can be trauma (surgical and non-surgical), accidents, and exposure to toxins, infection, viruses, metabolic diseases, nutritional deficiency, ischemia, and stroke. Current research studies indicate that both peripheral and central mechanisms have been involved in pathogenesis of neuropathic...
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Posted by admin on Sep 1, 2012 in |
Micro bubbles are small spherical type of bubble which consists of a gas, they are separated from each other, so they cannot agglomerates. Actually, they have size range in micrometers usually 1-100 micrometer. They are capable of penetrating even into the smallest blood capillaries & releasing drugs or genes, incorporated on their surface, under the action of ultrasound. Microbubbles in general have a wide variety of applications. They are used as a contrast agent in diagnosis. They are widely applicable in gene delivery due to its very important silent feature. Majorly main huge research is going on drug delivery by microbubble with ultra sound. Most of the physicians today prefer imaging with ultrasound in combination with microbubbles compared to other diagnostic techniques for low cost and...
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