Posted by admin on Feb 1, 2012 in |
Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) are topically administered medicaments in the form of patches that deliver drugs for systemic effects at a predetermined and controlled rate. It works very simply in which drug is applied inside the patch and it is worn on skin for long period of time. By this constant concentration of drug remain in blood for long time. Polymer matrix, drug, permeation enhancers are the main components of TDDS; polymers includes Zein, Shellac (as a natural) to synthetic ones (Polybutadiene, Polysiloxane, Polyvinyl chloride, Polyvinyl alcohol etc.). TDDS are of many types varying from single layer drug in adhesive to multi layer drug in adhesive and others are reservoir and the matrix systems. The market value of TDDS products are increasing with rapid rate, more than 35 products have now been approved for sale in US, and approximately 16 active ingredients are approved globally for use as a TDDS. Transdermal drug delivery is a recent technology which promises a great future it has a potential to limit...
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Posted by admin on Feb 1, 2012 in |
Various types of lipid based vesicular systems have been developed in controlled and targeted drug delivery. Self assembled nanoparticles (SAN) has advantages over traditional colloidal vesicular systems and also avoids some of their major disadvantages. SAN made of solid lipids are submicron colloidal carriers (50-1000nm). These consist of a solid hydrophobic core having a monolayer of phospholipid coating. The solid core contains drug dissolved or dispersed in the solid high melting fat matrix. The hydrophobic chains of phospholipids are embedded in the fat matrix. The outstanding characteristic of SAN is that they are nearly or wholly composed of ampiphillic prodrug. Serious drawbacks of the drugs could be effectively circumvented by covalent linkage of the drug to fatty acids. These lipidic prodrugs, if provided with some surface active property, tend to form supramolecular assemblages in aqueous media. They provide an efficient method for delivery of drugs directly to the targeted site, leading to reduction of drug toxicity with no adverse effects and also reduces the cost of therapy by imparting...
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Posted by admin on Feb 1, 2012 in |
The purpose for this review on pulsatile drug delivery systems (PDDS) is to compile the recent literatures with special focus on the different types and approaches involved in the development of the formulation. Pulsatile drug delivery system is the most interesting time and site-specific system. This system is designed for chronopharmacotherapy. Thus, to mimic the function of living systems and in view of emerging chronotherapeutic approaches, pulsatile delivery, which is meant to release a drug following programmed lag phase, has increasing interest in the recent years. Diseases wherein PDDS are promising include asthma, peptic ulcer, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, and attention deficit syndrome in children, cancer, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia. Pulsatile drug delivery system divided into 2 types’ preplanned systems and stimulus induced system, preplanned systems based on osmosis, rupturable layers, and erodible barrier coatings. Stimuli induced system based on electrical, temperature and chemically induced systems.This review also summarizes some current PDDS already available in the market. These systems are useful to several problems encountered during the development of a pharmaceutical...
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Posted by admin on Feb 1, 2012 in |
Anticoagulants are a class of drugs commonly used to prevent the blood from forming dangerous clots that could result in a stroke.Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant. Warfarin differs from most other drugs in that the dosage required to achieve a desired therapeutic effect varies greatly among individuals. Resistance to warfarin has been described as the inability to prolong the prothrombin time or raise the international normalized ratio (INR) into the therapeutic range when the drug is given at normally prescribed doses. However, a higher warfarin requirement does not itself establish the diagnosis of warfarin resistance. Warfarin resistance can be classified as acquired versus hereditary. It can be diagnosed by laboratory studies and can be...
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Posted by admin on Feb 1, 2012 in |
Vinpocetine, a semisynthetic derivative alkaloid of Vincamine, an extract from the periwinkle (plant) Vinca minor is the first full-fledged nootropic (a supplement positively affecting the mind). Vinpocetine is safe and non-toxic with an amazing array of functional and structural benefits for improved health. Vinpocetine appears to improve a person’s ability to acquire new memories and to restore memories that have been lost. Vinpocetine has several pharmacologic and biochemical actions, including stimulating cerebral vasodilation, increasing tolerance of cerebral tissue to hypoxic and ischemic insults, anticonvulsant activity, inhibitory effects on phosphodiesterase (PDE), improving hematologic flow properties, and inhibiting thrombocyte aggregation. It also appears to provide direct neuroprotective effects under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In a sense, Vinpocetine is Viagra® for the brain. These effects appear to be related to the inhibition of voltage-dependent neuronal sodium channels, indirect inhibition of some molecular cascades initiated by the rise of intracellular calcium levels, and to a lesser extent, inhibition of adenosine reuptake. These neuroprotective effects might also be enhanced by vinpocetine’s selective inhibition...
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