Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2011 in |
Aspirin became a cornerstone in the treatment of coronary artery disease and widely used in the secondary prevention of vascular events. Aspirin resistance remains a poorly defined term though clinical definition is failure of the drug to prevent an atherothrombotic event despite the regular intake of appropriate doses is a relatively common problem. Various laboratory parameters assessing its efficacy, like bleeding time, platelet reactivity, thromboxane A2 (TXA2) production and measurement of platelet aggregation have confirmed the lack of its uniform effect on the platelets. Various molecular mechanism responsible for Aspirin resistance include Insufficient suppression of COX-1, over- expression of COX-2 mRNA, Erythrocyte induced platelet activation, Genetic polymorphism of enzymes like COX-1, COX-2 or thromboxane A2 synthase. Clinical factor like non compliance of patient is also responsible for Aspirin resistance. The limitations in understanding Aspirin resistance include difficulties in assessing platelet function and aspirin resistance and contributed to variable reporting of Aspirin resistance. Therefore, the definition of Aspirin resistance requires refinement to include genetic polymorphism of various enzymes responsible for...
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Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2011 in |
Pulmonary route have been used to treat various respiratory diseases for centuries. Ancient inhalation therapies included the use of leaves from plants, vapors from aromatic plants, balsams, and myrrh. The pulmonary route has gained increasing importance in the recent times due to its unique properties such as a large absorptive area of up to 100m2; extremely thin 0.1 μm – 0.2 μm absorptive mucosal membrane and good blood supply. New dispersible formulations and drug aerosol delivery devices for inhalable peptides, proteins and various small molecules have, in the past decade, become of increasing interest for the treatment of systemic and respiratory diseases. This review enlightens the concept of pulmonary drug delivery and the recent advances in the field....
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Posted by admin on Jul 1, 2011 in |
Nitric oxide (NO), the most potent natural vasorelaxant, has close relation to cardiovascular physiology, inspite of its complex chemistry; it is a signal-transducing radical. Aspects of NO biology critical to gastrointestinal health and, consequently, nutritional status are increasingly being recognized. Cross-talk between NO and micronutrients within and outside the gastrointestinal system affects the establishment or progression of several diseases with pressing medical needs. Some studies imply that NO has cytotoxic properties and is the genesis of numerous diseases and degenerative states, whereas other reports suggest that NO prevents injurious conditions from developing and promotes events which return tissue to homeostasis. NO or related species have been implicated in the regulation of many genes that participate in many diverse biological functions including programmed cell death or apoptosis. Along with cell apoptotic function, it also plays several roles in others parts of the body. In this review we are describing a gestalt on NO, which includes the various synthetic approaches, isoforms of NOS & its related aspects, multifactorial biological applications, its...
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Posted by admin on Jun 1, 2011 in |
Nanocapsule consists of a thin membrane surrounding a core (Liquid, solid) with their size ranging from 10nm to 1000 nm. Nanocapsules are submicroscopic colloidal drug carrier systems composed of an oily or an aqueous core surrounded by a thin polymer membrane. The membrane may be composed of natural or synthetic polymers. Two technologies can be used to obtain such Nanocapsules: the interfacial polymerization of a monomer or the interfacial nano deposition of a preformed polymer. The nanometric size of Nanocapsule can be interesting for many applications like cosmetics, perfumes or pharmaceutical industries. This article is an extended review of these Nanocapsule technologies and their applications for the treatment of various diseases. The Nanocapsule is used in various fields for drug delivery in case of tumors, as a Nanocapsule Bandages to Fight Infection, as a liposomal Nanocapsule in Food Science and Agriculture, in delivering radio therapy and as a self healing...
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Posted by admin on Jun 1, 2011 in |
Asavarishta is a very popular dosage form in ayurvedic medicines. It is a unique liquid dosage form that contains self generated alcohol, often referred as medicated wine. This self generated alcohol is produced by method of fermentation. Asavarishtas are manufactured by industries in batch size of thousand liters. Larger batch sizes of process specific products for high technology are the need of the time. The large scale industrial fermentation must produce high yields of product at least possible expenses and the recovery of product must be more. Thus the research is required to adapt the fermentation to existing types of fermentation equipment and to increase the yield of product. As self generated alcohol content should not exceed 11% v/v the fermentation process should be at a controlled rate and should be monitored precisely. Many times contamination by microorganisms during process of fermentation takes place if proper care is not taken during fermentation which is hazardous to product. Incubation time required for fermentation depends on temperature of environment. The temperature...
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