Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2023 in |
With a threshold of 3 DSM-1, rice is one of the crops that are most sensitive to salt. Salinity in agricultural areas is primarily brought on by the overuse of irrigation water that is overly salty. The early vegetative and seedling stages of rice are the most vulnerable to salt stress, followed by the reproductive phases. When osmotic stress inhibits root water uptake, too much salt in the soil hurts plant growth, development, and productivity. Direct salt buildup impairs metabolic functions and all key morphological-physiological and yield-related features, drastically reducing yield. To investigate the cellular basis of the response to salt stress, extensive analysis involving physiological or biochemical assays and gene expression studies under high salt regimes is reviewed and contrasted with an aromatic salt-sensitive (Chinigura) and non-aromatic salt tolerant (IET 4786) rice variety. The detrimental effects of salinity stress were most evident in Chinigura, where the root-to-shoot ratio was higher, chlorophyll degeneration was more severe, foliar concentrations of Na+ ions were higher, and peroxide content increased most after...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2023 in |
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a common chronic liver condition, is high in developed nations. One of the factors leading to chronic liver disease and cryptogenic cirrhosis has been identified as NAFLD. Multiple risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension-related cardiovascular disease, contribute to the development of NAFLD. The pathogenesis of NAFLD involves a complex interplay among several key pathological processes, including insulin resistance, abnormal lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis. The initial stage of NAFLD, known as hepatic steatosis, manifests as excessive fat accumulation within the liver. Although extensive research efforts have led to the identification of these risk factors, there remains a limited understanding of the disease initiation and the underlying molecular mechanisms driving its progression. Animal models of NAFLD give crucial information, not only in elucidating the pathogenesis of NAFLD but also in examining the therapeutic effects of various agents. An ideal model of NAFLD should correctly reflect both hepatic histopathology and the pathophysiology of human NAFLD. This review summarizes...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2023 in |
Osteosarcoma begins in the long bones and occurs mainly in children and young adults but is also seen in an older population with a high mortality rate. Zinc beryllium silicate and beryllium oxide, radioactive agents like radium and some C-type viruses have a harsh impact on osteosarcoma. Genetic factors like changes in the p53 tumor suppressor gene, mutation in RECQL4 gene, WRN gene can contribute in osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma tumor can be categorized as high grade, intermediate grade, and low grade depending on the degree and duration of tumor growth. Based on the nature of the pathogenesis and location of tumor high grade osteosarcoma can be Osteoblastic, Chondroblastic, Fibroblastic, Telangiectatic, Desmoplastic fibroma, Extraskeletal osteosarcoma; Periosteal Osteosarcoma are of intermediate grade. It is associated with some characteristic symptoms like bone pain, lump formation, and walking with difficulties leading to pathologic fractures. Osteosarcoma can be diagnosed by Biopsy, X-ray, MRI, and CT scan and from some biochemical markers like Lactate Dehydrogenase and Alkaline Phosphatase. Treatment include surgery which has wide safety margin,...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2023 in |
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) refer to the group of neuropsychiatric disorders that alter neurodevelopment and mental function and are characterised by an extensive range of symptoms, including hyper-or hyposensitivity, repetitive behaviours, and impairments in social and academic functioning. Untangling the causation of ASD has been complicated, in part because distinct genetic abnormalities can result in both identical and distinctive traits that entirely fall within ASD. ASD can be triggered by hereditary and/or environmental causes. Studies in both experimental and clinical trials have revealed that the gut microbiome is altered in ASD patients. Due to its linkages to nutrition and the reciprocal relationship with the host, these changes affect the composition of the gut microbiota and also the metabolites they create. The gut-brain axis (GBA) mediates how the central nervous system (CNS) associated roles and behaviours are affected by psychobiotics, a unique family of probiotics that enhances not only gastrointestinal (GI) function but also anxiolytic and antidepressant activity. Psychobiotic use can enhance GI processes and ASD-related symptoms. New models for studying ASD...
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Posted by admin on Oct 31, 2023 in |
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the main reason for end-stage renal disease on a global scale. About 40% of developing diabetic kidney disease, which is the most common cause of chronic kidney diseases worldwide. Although ESRD may be the most complication of diabetics, as a result of their physical health and any co-morbidities they may have, such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, intrarenal vascular disease, renal ischemia, or age-related nephron loss, One-third of people with type 1 diabetes and at least half of people with type 2 diabetes will eventually develop renal dysfunction. CKD is present and is severe. Glomerular hyperfiltration, falling GFR, and finally, ESRD are parts of the diabetic kidney disease natural history. Diabetes-related complications can lead to diabetic kidney disease. Disturbances in glucose metabolism, hypertension, dyslipidemia, develop kidney disease. Controlling blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockage are all part of intensive therapy for diabetic patients; For diabetic kidney damage to be postponed or prevented, glycemic management is crucial. Several glucose-lowering drugs are on the...
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