Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes progressive joint damage and systemic complications, leading to significant physical and socioeconomic impacts. Conventional treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) often fail to halt disease progression and prevent cartilage erosion. The review compares conventional therapies with emerging biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) and explores novel therapeutic targets. The advent of bDMARDs in targeting key inflammatory cytokines, such as Janus kinase (JAK), Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), have significantly improved clinical outcomes. Promising agents such as JAK inhibitors (Tofacitinib, Baricitinib), TNF-α blockers (Adalimumab, Etanercept), and BTK inhibitors are under clinical trials, highlighting the potential of targeted therapies in immune modulation. Most of the compounds possess a heterocycle, especially pyridine scaffold, emphasizing the importance of heterocycle to potentiate drug-receptor interaction. Additionally, this paper mentions the rise of innovative therapies, such as Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) therapy, the DEN-181 immune modulation vaccine, and vagus nerve stimulation devices, which focus on tissue regeneration and novel immune...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
Gout and arthritis are prevalent and debilitating inflammatory disorders that primarily affect the joints, leading to intense pain, swelling, stiffness, and restricted mobility. These conditions significantly impair the quality of life and often require long-term management. While conventional pharmacological treatments such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and urate-lowering agents offer symptomatic relief, they are often associated with adverse effects, high costs, and limited efficacy in certain patient populations. Consequently, there is increasing interest in the potential of medicinal plants with anti-gout and anti-arthritic properties as alternative or complementary treatments. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical evaluation of a wide range of medicinal plants that have shown potential in mitigating the symptoms of gout and arthritis. The review focuses on identifying key phytochemicals and understanding their mechanisms of action, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, immunomodulatory, and uric acid-lowering effects. By synthesizing contemporary scientific findings, this review emphasizes the therapeutic relevance, safety profile, and clinical applicability of medicinal plants, thereby presenting them as promising adjuncts or alternatives...
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Posted by admin on Dec 31, 2025 in |
There are various screening methods which are used to evaluate antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic agents for treating various infections. These methods include both traditional observational methods and advanced techniques. For antibacterial and antifungal agents, the focus is on high-throughput methods that assess bacterial and fungal growth and viability. Antiviral screening methods involve testing compounds that inhibit viral replication and infection, employing cell culture systems and cytopathic effect assays. The review details susceptibility testing methods for parasitic infestations, tailored to specific parasites. For Plasmodium species, assays like radioactive hypoxanthine incorporation and SYBR Green staining are used to determine drug efficacy. Leishmania and Trypanosoma species are assessed through colorimetric assays and flow cytometry for intracellular amastigotes. Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium are evaluated using image-based high-throughput screens and ATP content-based bioluminescence assays. Schistosoma species are tested using automated methods like impedance-based mobility measurement and fluorescence assays. Filarial parasites are screened for drug efficacy using traditional motility observation and advanced software like WormAssay. These screening methods are critical for identifying effective...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2025 in |
The spread of infectious diseases, both emerging and well-known, remains a pressing concern this year. Infectious diseases continue to pose a serious threat in 2025, driven by factors like declining childhood vaccination rates and rising vaccine scepticism, especially with the potential return of a Trump-era health leadership. In Uganda’s Bundibugyo district, a mysterious illness called “Dinga Dinga” has affected around 300 women and girls since 2023, causing tremors, paralysis-like symptoms, and difficulty walking. Similarly, Guillain–Barré syndrome, an immune-related nerve disorder, remains a concern. In Maharashtra’s Buldhana district, over 150 people have experienced rapid hair loss due to a suspected ‘Baldness Virus,’ prompting investigations into water contamination and cosmetic product use. This review paper highlights an information on various disease cases identified in specific regions, along with insights into their diagnosis and available treatment options. The literature survey gives the emergence of several unusual and severe diseases that pose a significant threat to normal human life. By reviewing recent reports and findings, the paper aims to raise awareness about these...
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Posted by admin on Nov 30, 2025 in |
Heterocyclic compounds have emerged as a focal point in medicinal and biological research due to their diverse applications. Their unique structures, often incorporating atoms like nitrogen, oxygen, or sulphur within their rings, offer a wide range of potential therapeutic properties. These compounds form the backbone of over 90% of novel drugs, bridging the gap between chemistry and biology. Their versatility extends to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and veterinary products. Heterocyclic compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, anthelmintic, antipyretic, anti-allergic, anti-histamine, herbicidal, anticancer, antihypertensive, and anti-leprosy effects. Beyond the existing market, numerous heterocyclic compounds are currently under investigation for their promising potential against various malignancies. Oxygen based heterocycles (Oxazole) serve as the foundational structures of numerous biologically active compounds and FDA-approved drugs. While nitrogen-based heterocycles have been extensively explored as potential anticancer agents, there is growing interest in oxygen and nitrogen-based heterocycles as a promising avenue for innovative drug discovery. Fusing multiple heterocyclic rings together is a common strategy to enhance the biological...
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