Posted by admin on Jan 1, 2013 in |
In 2004, the new pricing regulation was enforced in Bulgaria. It liberates the OTC medicines pricing procedure from reference pricing to registration according to marketing authorization holder proposal. The goal is to analyse the changes in the pricing regulations concerning OTC and its impact on prices and utilization of analgesic medicines. Two main hypotheses are tested in the study. H1: The changes in the price regulation liberate the market in terms of increase in the analgesics utilization; H2: The changes in the regulation lead to the decrease in prices. Regulatory and market analysis were performed focusing on procedures for price settlement and their changes for 4 international non-proprietary names (INNs) of analgesics on the local market – methamizole sodium, paracetamol, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid for the period before and after the changes in the regulation. The descriptive statistic, z-test for proportions, and one way ANOVA analysis were performed to evaluate the statistical significance of the changes in utilization and prices. An increase in the analgesics utilization has been observed in 2006...
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Posted by admin on Jan 1, 2013 in |
The aim of this work is to formulate topically effective controlled release ophthalmic liposomal gel for targeting diclofenac sodium to the eye in an attempt to heal the inflamed tissue of ocular ulcerative area. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) gel formulations composing of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol (CH) in the molar ratios of (7:2; 7:4 and 7:7) with or without stearylamine (SA) or dicetylphosphate (DP) were prepared using reversed-phase evaporation and lipid film hydration methods respectively. The prepared liposomal systems were evaluated for their entrapment efficiency, morphological characters, physical stability, particle size and drug release rate .LUVs entrapped greater amount of drug than MLVs. Drug loading was increased by increasing CH content as well as by inclusion of SA into the lipid bilayer. Drug release rate showed an order of negatively > neutral > positively charged liposomes, which is the reverse of results of drug loading efficiency. Physical stability study indicated that 92.56%, 84.11%, 76.41% and 91.1%, 82.19% and 75.54% of diclofenac sodium was retained in...
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Posted by admin on Jan 1, 2013 in |
Introduction: To investigate the evaluation pattern of Traditional Chinese medicine injection, establish the drug use evaluation(DUE) standards of shenmai injection, and implement of DUE programs of shenmai injection in the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College. Methods: Three hundred and thirty four patients were included in this retrospective analysis. The study duration was divided into two periods: cycle A: from November 2011 to December 2011; cycle B: from January 2012 to March 2012. A series of indices including indications, administration frequency, dosage, administration period, drug-drug interactions, adverse reactions and treatment efficiency were evaluated. Results: The number of patients showed the indications of shenmai injection were 119 (77.27%) and 168 (93.33%) in cycle A and cycle B, respectively. The number of patients showed the contraindications of shenmai injection were 18 (11.69%) and 12 (6.67%) in cycle A and cycle B, respectively. Satisfactory outcomes were reported among all the patients with no serious adverse reactions reported. Conclusions: The establishing of the standards of Traditional Chinese medicine injection should integrate the...
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Posted by admin on Jan 1, 2013 in |
Transdermal drug delivery is highly advantageous method for drug administration, yet the compact structure of stratum corneum is an effective barrier which limited the use of this route to very few drug molecules. Ultrasound enhances the permeation through the skin by altering this barrier function in a phenomenon named sonophoresis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of variable ultrasonic conditions on the permeation of Metronidazole (ML). This involved validating the applicability of utilizing a three dimensional skin equivalent as human skin models for sonophoresis studies. A Franz diffusion cell was used to study the effect of therapeutic ultrasound at 1 MHz and power ultrasound at 20 KHz on the permeation of Metronidazole across the 3D skin equivalent EpiDerm™. HPLC methods were used for the determination of the concentration of Metronidazole in the receiving compartment. Utilizing therapeutic ultrasound at 1 MHz frequency has enhanced the permeation of Metronidazole through the EpiDerm™, as about double the permeation of the ML was obtained with no apparent damage to the membrane. The...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
Poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolic acid) the first synthetic biodegradable polymer used in surgery as resorbabe material, is also approved by USFDA for use in drug delivery. The nanoparticle composed of PLGA can be used for both controlled and targeted drug delivery. There are various grades of PLGA which are having different biodegradation characteristics such as degradation takes place in several days to years. Thus one can develop a nanoparticulate delivery system with desired characteristics like Biodegradation, Biocompatibility, Particle size, Surface property, Drug release, Targetability and Immunogenicity. This review focus on the PLGA, its characteristics, Method of preparation of nanoparticles for lipophillic and hydrophilic drugs and the use of nanoparticles via different routes to target various disease...
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