Posted by admin on Jan 1, 2013 in |
The antimicrobial activity as well as phytochemical screening of the hexane, acetone, methanol and water extracts of Clematis brachiata Thunb (Ranunculaceae) leaves was investigated. The agar dilution assay method was used for the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of extracts against 10 bacteria and four fungal species. The phytochemical screenings were performed by using the standard procedures. The acetone and methanol extracts were active against the 10 bacteria strains with MIC ranging between 1.0 and 3.0 mg/ml, whereas the water extract was only active against two Gram-negative bacterial strains at 10.0 mg/ml. There was no activity from the hexane extract. While there was complete growth inhibition by the acetone and methanol extracts against all the fungal species at 10 mg/ml, the hexane extract was active against all the fungal species except Candida albicans at 10 mg/ml. In contrast, the water extract did not show any activity against the fungal species. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols, tannin, saponin, flavonoids, terpenoids and glycosidic compounds and could be responsible for...
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Purpose: We evaluate the chronic consumption of koutoukou (KTK) on the weight and organs (liver, heart and kidney) of treated rats. Methods: This study was focused on animals divided into four (4) and by sex. One of the groups being used as control receives distilled water as drinking water; the three other groups receive KTK in their drinking water at a rate of 5 %, 10 % and 12 % for 90 days. At the end of the experiment the rats were sacrificed and organs (liver, heart and kidney) were collected and weighted. Results: This study showed that the chronic and moderate consumption of koutoukou caused weight loss in female rats and an increase of organs (liver, heart and kidney) weight in proportion to alcoholometric. Conclusion: The results of our study showed that a chronic and moderate consumption of koutoukou affects organs (liver, heart and kidney) in female rats. The consumption of this drink for the latter is associated to body mass index negative in female...
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Posted by admin on Jan 1, 2013 in |
In 2004, the new pricing regulation was enforced in Bulgaria. It liberates the OTC medicines pricing procedure from reference pricing to registration according to marketing authorization holder proposal. The goal is to analyse the changes in the pricing regulations concerning OTC and its impact on prices and utilization of analgesic medicines. Two main hypotheses are tested in the study. H1: The changes in the price regulation liberate the market in terms of increase in the analgesics utilization; H2: The changes in the regulation lead to the decrease in prices. Regulatory and market analysis were performed focusing on procedures for price settlement and their changes for 4 international non-proprietary names (INNs) of analgesics on the local market – methamizole sodium, paracetamol, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid for the period before and after the changes in the regulation. The descriptive statistic, z-test for proportions, and one way ANOVA analysis were performed to evaluate the statistical significance of the changes in utilization and prices. An increase in the analgesics utilization has been observed in 2006...
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Posted by admin on Jan 1, 2013 in |
The aim of this work is to formulate topically effective controlled release ophthalmic liposomal gel for targeting diclofenac sodium to the eye in an attempt to heal the inflamed tissue of ocular ulcerative area. Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) gel formulations composing of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol (CH) in the molar ratios of (7:2; 7:4 and 7:7) with or without stearylamine (SA) or dicetylphosphate (DP) were prepared using reversed-phase evaporation and lipid film hydration methods respectively. The prepared liposomal systems were evaluated for their entrapment efficiency, morphological characters, physical stability, particle size and drug release rate .LUVs entrapped greater amount of drug than MLVs. Drug loading was increased by increasing CH content as well as by inclusion of SA into the lipid bilayer. Drug release rate showed an order of negatively > neutral > positively charged liposomes, which is the reverse of results of drug loading efficiency. Physical stability study indicated that 92.56%, 84.11%, 76.41% and 91.1%, 82.19% and 75.54% of diclofenac sodium was retained in...
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Posted by admin on Jan 1, 2013 in |
Introduction: To investigate the evaluation pattern of Traditional Chinese medicine injection, establish the drug use evaluation(DUE) standards of shenmai injection, and implement of DUE programs of shenmai injection in the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College. Methods: Three hundred and thirty four patients were included in this retrospective analysis. The study duration was divided into two periods: cycle A: from November 2011 to December 2011; cycle B: from January 2012 to March 2012. A series of indices including indications, administration frequency, dosage, administration period, drug-drug interactions, adverse reactions and treatment efficiency were evaluated. Results: The number of patients showed the indications of shenmai injection were 119 (77.27%) and 168 (93.33%) in cycle A and cycle B, respectively. The number of patients showed the contraindications of shenmai injection were 18 (11.69%) and 12 (6.67%) in cycle A and cycle B, respectively. Satisfactory outcomes were reported among all the patients with no serious adverse reactions reported. Conclusions: The establishing of the standards of Traditional Chinese medicine injection should integrate the...
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