Posted by admin on May 31, 2018 in |
Natural biodegradable chitosan-sodium alginate polymer combination is a promising candidate for preparing drug-loaded implants because of the availability and inexpensiveness of the polymers over the semi synthetic biodegradable ones. The main objective of this research was to prepare and evaluate a biodegradable implantable system of the drug metoprolol tartrate because it plays an important role in the treatment of high blood pressure, strokes, heart attacks and angina. 70:30 and 80:20 chitosan – sodium alginate combination implants of metoprolol tartrate with 15 and 30 minutes exposure time to glutaraldehyde for hardening were prepared. It was observed that loading efficiency and drug release could be influenced by varying polymer ratios, exposure times to glutaraldehyde and excipients. The implant formulated with 25 mg drug load in 70:30 chitosan – sodium alginate ratio with 15 minutes exposure produced the maximum sustained release for 15 days. Therefore, this formulation was chosen for preparing implants containing different excipients and the implants were evaluated for loading efficiency and in-vitro drug release. Morphological characteristics of the implants...
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Posted by admin on May 31, 2018 in |
Efferevescent granules are granular dosage form of drug in a dry mixture usually composed of effervescents like sodium bicarbonate, citric acid and tartaric acid. Effervescent granules when added to water, the acids and the base react to liberate CO2, resulting in effervescence. A combination of tartaric acid and citric acid is used as an effervescent base rather than either acid alone because when tartaric acid is used alone, chalky friable granules are produced and citric acid alone results in sticky mixture to difficult to granulate. The weakly acidic drugs when formulated in effervescent granular forms exhibit increased absorption from gastric environment as most of the drug remains in unionized form. The bitter taste of the drug can be masked by the effervescence that was produced when the formulation is mixed with water. Effervescent granules of weakly acidic drug, metronidazole were formulated by melt granulation process in which low melting binder composition comprising of a polymer and a hydrophobic meltable binder like PEG 4000 and cetyl alcohol is used. Formulations...
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Posted by admin on May 31, 2018 in |
Cephalosporins are drug of choice for many infectious microorganisms even against many antibiotic resistant cases. Ceftriaxone, a third generation cephalosporin is effective in many infections including fluoro-quinolone resistant strains of Salmonella typhi, the causative pathogen for enteric fever (typhoid). The antibiotic is supposed to act in the intestinal cells but gastric instability limits the oral use of ceftriaxone. Present research aims to develop an orally bioavailable formulation of ceftriaxone which is otherwise available as parenteral owing to its gastric instability. Natural polysaccharides have been used as excipients and drug delivery carriers since long but are not good for linking to form prodrugs. Hydrolysis resistant fraction of Almond gum, whose structure has been elucidated as a trisaccharide is used to synthesize the prodrugs of ceftriaxone. Two peptide linkers i.e., glycine and phenylalanine have been used to link the trisaccharide with the cephalosporin in three steps. Both the prodrugs were characterized and evaluated in-vitro. IR and NMR data confirmed the synthesis of polymeric prodrugs and in-vitro evaluation shows sustained drug delivery...
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Posted by admin on May 31, 2018 in |
The present investigation was undertaken to determine the requisite pharmacognostic standards for evaluating the plant material. The macroscopic, microscopic, powder study, physicochemical, qualitative phytochemical and florescence analysis of the seed were carried out. The microscopic study showed abundant large parenchymatous cells with aleurone grains, calcium oxalate crystals, lignified trichomes, endocarp and testa throughout the section. The powder microscopy showed the presence of lignified trichomes, rossete crystals of calcium oxalates, oil granules, etc. The physicochemical properties such as total ash, water soluble ash, acid insoluble ash and sulphated ash were 5.75%, 5.16%, 0.16% and 6.66% respectively. The aqueous soluble and ethyl acetate soluble extractive values were 34.07% and 16.66% respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of maximum amount of flavonoids followed by triterpenes, steroids and alkaloids respectively. The seed powder showed characteristic flourescence with various chemical reagents. The data generated in the present work could be used as reference for the standardization and quality control of A. marmelos seed. It will help in identifying and preventing intentional or...
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Posted by admin on May 31, 2018 in |
Background: In the present study, our objective was to determine whether nebulized colistin as an adjunctive therapy to conventional intravenous antibiotics of Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) was safe and beneficial in critically ill patients. Methods: A prospective matched case-control study was performed at the ICUs of the University Hospital of Isfahan, Iran, from January to June 2017. Twenty patients with VAP due to MDR gram-negative bacilli received nebulized colistin and were matched on the basis of age and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE) score with 20 control patients who had received systemic antibiotic therapy according to their responsible physicians. Results: The baseline characteristics of the patients and conventional therapy of VAP in both groups were comparable. Most of the cases of VAP were caused by MDR A. baumannii (N=25, 75%) and Klebsiella pneumonia (N=10, 50%). No significant difference between the groups were observed regarding clinical cure (P: 0.6) and mortality (P: 0.25). The rate of pathogen eradication was significantly better in case...
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