Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2019 in |
Diabetes, a chronic endocrine metabolic disorder, is managed using several anti-diabetic medications. Being a chronic disease requiring lifelong medications, the long-term safety profile and patient acceptance are crucial to achieving therapeutic success. The available medications are known to have common side effects such as hypoglycemia, weight gain, and gastrointestinal adverse effects. Uncommon adverse effects, although rare can be troublesome in some patients and may lead to decreased medication adherence/concordance and hence treatment failure. There are reports of metformin being associated with lactic acidosis and sulfonylureas with cholestatic jaundice. Piogliatazone can have a rare adverse effect of pulmonary edema with or without congestive heart failure. Acarbose can be the reason for ileus and sub ileus in patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists like liraglutide can cause pancreatitis. Careful consideration of anti-diabetics while prescribing, adequate clinical and laboratory monitoring and proper counseling of patients might help in prevention and early detection of these rare but severe adverse effects of anti-diabetics....
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2019 in |
The concept of quality by design (QbD) justifies the saying that, quality is not an act, it is a habit. This innovative and systematic approach to pharmaceutical development based on scientific principles has been a breakthrough in developing quality products with a high level of reproducibility. The process of QbD is based on risk management which leads to a better understanding of the product and its manufacturing process, resulting in products with required quality, safety, and efficacy. As the quality and reliability requirements of today’s world are constantly increasing, QbD serves as an important tool in outperforming the global competition. This paper comprehensively discusses the concept of pharmaceutical quality by design, elements of QbD; quality target product profile (QTPP), critical quality attributes (CQAs), design space, control strategy, and lifecycle management. Application of QbD across various fields of pharmaceutical development including formulation development, analytical method development, phytopharmaceutical & biopharmaceutical product development are encompassed in the...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2019 in |
Genotoxicity has fully-grown into a serious question for the cause of several cancers. In this article, we discuss the basics of genotoxicity, the chemicals which cause these genetic damages and also their mechanism of action. The discovery of new drug needs a thorough investigation for its safety and efficacy before their release into the market so, the drug development process and drug attrition, regulatory tests to detect compounds with genotoxic and carcinogenic potential are discussed in the article. And also, a brief discussion about the recent advances in genotoxicity testing, pre-clinical investigations generally to obtain the basic fundamental profile of toxicological and new chemical entities (NCE), the integration of the cytogenetic tests into repeated dose toxicity studies can be used to satisfy the in-vivo cytogenetic data requirement in CFR are explained. Finally, a brief account of the drugs being used in present days, and also some plant products which show antimutagenic effects have been emphasized....
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2019 in |
Probiotics are live microorganisms that when introduced orally positively contribute to the activity of the intestinal microflora and the health of its host. Various studies showed that probiotics are potentially able to contribute to treatments of many diseases. They may not cure any disease, but can significantly improve the patient’s condition and also can prevent many infections. Recent studies confirmed that gut microbiota has a direct connection to the behavior and development of the brain. This review is done in two parts. The first part discusses how micro-encapsulation can improve targeted delivery of probiotics where second part discusses the effects of probiotics on various diseases. On the first half of this review, we will see micro-encapsulation allows core ingredients or probiotics to be separated from the environment by a protective coating which can enhance shelf-life of probiotics. The objective of this review is to study the efficiency of different encapsulation materials and methods to understand and control the delivery of probiotic by the conventional method to improve drug uptake,...
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Posted by admin on Aug 31, 2019 in |
Gliflozin drugs is the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor is the newly developed class of oral hypoglycaemic agents used for the treatment of the type-II diabetes mellitus. This class approved by food and drug administration in 2013 for the treatment of diabetes, with a unique mechanism of action. SLGT-2 proteins are macromolecule reabsorb the filtered glucose molecule from (PCT) in the kidney. This class of drugs block SGLT-2 protein from the site of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) in the kidney, resulting in prevent reabsorption of a glucose molecule and allow excretion of glucose molecule through urine. By this mechanism, the gliflozins drug lowers the blood glucose level in the body.SGLT-2 inhibitors are the newest class of anti-diabetic drugs grab more attention when it is used in combination with insulin and other anti-diabetic drugs. Gliflozins shows various adverse effect such as ketoacidosis, urinary tract infection, bone fracture, and foot and leg amputation. This article explained pathogenesis and pathophysiology of type-II diabetes mellitus with a detailed mechanism of action of a...
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