Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
This article enlightens physiological components of pain and inflammation. The objective is to study pain, inflammation and their pathophysiology. It is one of the common and one of the most difficult problems to diagnose and is generally fund in common people. Pain is a complex experience which includes psychological and behavior components and results from trauma, diseases, surgical interventions. Pain is an unpleasant sensation and an emotional experience associated with a real or potential damage to tissue, or equivalent of such damage. Inflammation is a process which arises due to tissue damage causing dilation of venules, increase in vascular permeability, and infiltration of histamine, cytokines and other inflammatory components. Inflammation occurs due to the stress responses and is an integral part of it. The paper is related with the pathological changes in pain, inflammation, components producing the changes. Different mediators like IL, PG, PAF, LT, cytokines are producing inflammation and leading to...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
Marine sponges, the sessile invertebrates of the Phylum porifera are invaluable tool in current research. They remain as a goldmine to chemist and pharmacologist due to its defensive weapons, the secondary metabolites. Endogenous peptides from marine sponges and associated microorganisms are promising lead compound for drug development. Some of the compounds are under clinical trials. These peptides can act against variety of diseases in humans including bacterial, fungal, protozoan, HIV, inflammatory and even tumor. This review focuses on sponge symbiotic association with other organisms, significance of peptides as secondary metabolites and its pharmacological effects by highlighting its role as ant- bacterial, anti- fungal, anti- HIV and anti- tumor agents. Sponge-microbial associations are found to be very specific in the production of particular bioactive...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
Magnetic modulated drug delivery system addresses the major problem of initial biodistribution of drug carrier. It involves the use of particulate carriers to a localized diseased site. Magnetic microspheres can be used for site-specific drug targeting as in case of tumors, magnetic bioseparation and also can be used for non-targeted drug delivery as in case of contrast agents (MRI) and drug reservoirs that can be activated by a magnet of suitable strength applied outside the body. This delivery system has the distinct advantage of locally congregating high concentrations of the drug at the diseased site thereby minimizing drug requirement and side effects. Though it is expensive and requires high technical approach, it can be adapted to any part of the body. Various magnetic microspheres developed include magnetic nanoparticles, magnetically resealed erythrocytes and magnetic liposomes. Stereotaxis Inc. and FeRx Inc., are major commercial developers of magnetic guidance system for the medical...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
Bilayered tablet is an important pharmaceutical technology for the successful development of controlled release formulation along with various features to provide a way of successful drug delivery system. Bi-layer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination, to separate incompatible substances and also formulating sustained release tablet in which one layer is immediate release as initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose. Now days the pharmaceutical companies are currently developing bi-layer tablets due to variety of reasons such as patent extension, therapeutic benefit and a marketing strategy. To reduce capital investment, quite often existing but modified tablet presses are used to develop and produce such tablets. This article explains about different techniques of bilayered tablet preparation the development and production of bilayered tablets needs to be carried out on purpose built tablet presses to overcome common bilayered problems such as layer separation, insufficient hardness, and inaccurate individual layer weight control, cross-contamination between the layers, reduced yield and evaluation of bilayered...
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Posted by admin on Dec 1, 2012 in |
Melt extrusion process which is well known in the polymer and food industry is now being used for pharmaceutical manufacturing to create innovative new formulations and is a continuous process of mixing and designing moldable materials. It is one of the most widely applied processing techniques useful for preparing solid dosage forms, granules, pellets, suppositories, implants, stents, ophthalmic inserts, transdermal and transmucosal drug delivery systems. Also this technique is used in Taste Masking, Solubility Enhancement, and Sustained-Release Pellets Manufacturing. Several advantages over other techniques include cost and performance benefits such as a faster path to FDA approval for new compounds, possible re-indication for existing active pharmaceutical ingredient (APIs), controllable bioavailability, possible lower doses, and probable lower production costs. Hot-melt extrusion efficiently produces solid molecular dispersions with considerable advantages over solvent-based processes such as spray drying and co-precipitation. In general, high temperatures have to be applied to extrude polymeric carriers. Melt extruded dosage forms are complex mixtures of API, excipients, and polymer carrier which are blended using single and twin-screw...
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