Posted by admin on Oct 31, 2016 in |
Pharmacokinetic modeling is the representation of the logarithmic mathematical equations in order to measure the physiologic response of the body to the drug. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion follow drug kinetic principles according to specific reaction mechanisms in which concentration of the drug may either be dependent or independent of drug-body interactions. Michaelis-Menten equation exhibits association between drug concentration and its mass transfer through a kinetics transport mechanism, a principle also known as Fick’s Law of Diffusion. Reaction orders are the sum of the powers of drug concentrations being raised to a certain degree that follows a certain pattern of drug kinetics according to rate laws being established. Reactions between the drug and the body usually follows first and second order rate. First order rate of reaction can be described as drug concentration dependent, whereas, zero order reaction rate can be explained as drug concentration independent. This paper aims to describe the derivation of pharmacokinetic principles acting in multi-compartment model as the drug enters and exits the body using...
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Posted by admin on Oct 31, 2016 in |
Aim: Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites cells (DLA) are a cancer of the lymphocytes, a type of cell that forms part of the immune system. The present study aims to evaluate the anticancer effect of methanolic extract of bokchoy (Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves) using in vivo model in mice. Methods: The experimental mice were divided to 5 groups. The methanolic extract (800 mg/kg) and nanoparticles of methanolic extract (1mg/kg) of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves, was administered to mice of group III and IV respectively. The mice were induced with DLA. Group I mice served as normal control and group II as DLA control. Cyclophosphamide at 3mg/kg b.wt was administered to group V. Results: Treatment with methanolic extract and nanoparticles of methanolic extract of Brassica rapa Chinensis leaves (800, 1mg/kg, orally) against Dalton’s Lymphoma Ascites (DLA) in mice by the activities of marker enzymes as Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkanine phosphatase (ALP), Acid phosphatase (ACP), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), γ Glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT), 5’Nucleotidase, β-D-Glucuronidase, β-D-Galactosidase and Cathepsin D levels in...
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Posted by admin on Oct 31, 2016 in |
The study was aimed to investigate the common causative agents of urinary tract infection in community, their resistance pattern to different antibiotics, and the prescribing patterns of antibiotics used for treatment. A total of 200 women attending gynaecology OPD of Tribhuvan University teaching hospital had their urine tested for culture and sensitivity, out of which 85 showed microbial growths. Escherichia coli (56.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (27.7%) were the most common organisms isolated. E.coli was found to be resistant against ampicillin (72.7%), followed bycephalexin (59.3%), cotrimoxazole (45.2%), cefixime (40%), ceftriaxone (26.3%), norfloxacin (25.9), ciprofloxacin (25%), ofloxacin (20.7%) nitrofurantoin(9.7%), gentamycin (9.4%) and amikacin (8%). S.aureus was found to be resistant against cefixime (71.4%), followed by ampicillin (64.7%), ciprofloxacin (60%), cotrimoxazole (35.7%), ofloxacin (33.3%), norfloxacin (33.3%), cephalexin (23.5%), cloxacillin (17.6%), gentamycin (8.3%) and nitrofurantoin (5.9%). Out of 65 patients, 48 were treated with definite antibiotic therapy and 17 were treated with empirical antibiotics. The antibiotics used in definite therapy were nitrofurantoin (36.7%), ofloxacin (20.4%), cephalexin (10.2%), norfloxacin (8.2%), ciprofloxacin (8.2%), cloxacillin (4.1%),...
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Posted by admin on Oct 31, 2016 in |
A stability indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of Irbesartan in bulk and dosage forms using Telmisartan (10 μg/ml) as the internal standard. An Inert ODS C-18, 5μm column having 250 x 4.6mm internal diameter in isocratic mode with mobile phase containing methanol: water (90:10) and the pH was adjusted to 3 with 1 % GAA. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and effluents were monitored at the wavelength of 246 nm. The retention time for Irbesartan was 2.3 min. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness. Limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found 6.51μg/ml and 1.973μg/ml respectively and recovery of Irbesartan from bulk and dosage forms was found from 99.94% to 99.97%. As the separation of the degradants using this mobile phase is quite good, isolation of the degradants with preparative techniques can also be achieved using this mobile phase. The drug was prone to degrade...
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Posted by admin on Oct 31, 2016 in |
Superporous hydrogels (SPHs) were developed to retain the drug in the gastric medium. These systems swell very rapidly in the stomach and maintain their integrity for longer time even in the acidic environment of stomach, while releasing the pharmaceutical active ingredient. The present work focuses on concept of development of superporous hydrogel tablets of Dexlansoprazole, their comparativeness to the marketed delayed release dosage forms. The aim of this study was to prepare Gastroretentive dosage form based on SPH using Dexlansoprazole, a proton pump inhibitor as a model drug for swelling & prolonged drug release characteristics in acidic pH. The formulation is based on preparation of third generation SPHs with three different polymers, such as, sodium alginate, pectin, chitosan and acrylic acid were used with different concentrations by crosslinking technique using formaldehyde as cross linking agent to get the desired sustained release profile over a period of 8-12 hrs. The characterization studies for SPH were performed by measurement of apparent density, porosity, swelling studies, mechanical strength, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)...
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