Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
Introduction: Hemoglobin E (HbE) disorders and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency are two important red cell genetic abnormalities highly prevalent in malaria-endemic regions of Southeast Asia. The Karbi tribe, one of the major ethnic groups of Northeast India, is considered to have a significant burden of these disorders; however, data on their prevalence remains limited. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Hb E disease, HbE trait, and G6PD deficiency among Karbi tribal individuals attending a tertiary care centre in Northeast India. Methods: A total of 600 Karbi tribal patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study facility based study. Demographic details including age, gender, and sub-clan distribution were recorded. High performance liquid chromatography was done for Hemoglobin variant and G6PD by a semi-automated analyzer. Data were analyzed for prevalence patterns across age groups, gender, and sub-clans. Results: Hemoglobin E trait was found in 84 subjects (14%) and Hemoglobin E disease in 12 individuals (2%). G6PD deficiency was observed in 36 individuals (6.0%). Females showed a higher prevalence of HbE...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, or gliptins, represent a cornerstone in the oral management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Their mechanism, which potentiates endogenous incretin hormones, offers glucose-dependent efficacy with a minimized risk of hypoglycemia. The discovery and optimization of these agents are inextricably linked to the strategic deployment of heterocyclic chemistry. This review provides a critical analysis of the pivotal role heterocyclic scaffolds play in DPP-4 inhibitor design, from first-in-class drugs to next-generation candidates. We begin by elucidating the structural biology of DPP-4, detailing the catalytic triad (Ser630, Asp708, His740) and the key sub-pockets (S1, S2, S2 extensive) that serve as a blueprint for rational inhibitor design. A retrospective analysis of clinically approved gliptins including sitagliptin (pyrazolopyrimidine), saxagliptin (constrained cyanopyrrolidine), linagliptin (xanthine), and alogliptin (pyrimidinedione)-highlights how specific heterocyclic cores dictate potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic profiles. The core of this review surveys recent advances (2012–present) in novel heterocyclic chemotypes explored as DPP-4 inhibitors. We systematically categorize and discuss promising scaffolds such as pyrimidines, oxadiazoles, pyrrolidines, triazoles, triazines, piperazines, quinazolines,...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
An accurate, precise, robust, and sensitive gas chromatographic method with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was developed for the determination of residual solvents in edaravone injection formulation. Impurities may be present in final pharmaceutical products. However, their presence and control in drug substances and drug products are regulated according to pharmacopoeial standards and ICH guidelines. Pharmaceutical products generally contain three types of impurities: organic, inorganic, and residual solvents. Residual solvents are volatile organic chemicals used during the manufacture of drug substances or products. In this study, a simple and sensitive GC method was developed and validated for the determination of methanol as a residual solvent in edaravone formulation. Chromatographic separation was performed on an AB-Innowax polar capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm) using nitrogen as carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.7 mL/min. The temperature program was set at 50 ºC (1 min), increased to 70 ºC (2 min), then raised to 200 ºC at 10 ºC/min then raised to 250 ºC and held for...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
Stress and insomnia are among the most prevalent lifestyle disorders globally which affects mental and physical well-being chronic stress and insomnia are strongly linked to depression, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and weakened immune function. The growing incidence highlights an urgent need for safe, effective, and holistic treatment strategies such as herbal interventions to manage these interrelated conditions. Conventional therapies often provide temporary relief but may cause dependency and side effects. Herbal medicines offer a safer, natural, and holistic approach to managing these conditions. This review highlights globally recognized herbs used in stress and insomnia management across traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Western herbalism. Adaptogenic herbs like Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Panax ginseng, and Ocimum sanctum help regulate the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and reduce cortisol levels. Sedative herbs including Valeriana officinalis (Valerian), Matricaria chamomilla (Chamomile), and Lavandula angustifolia (Lavender) promote relaxation through GABAergic and serotonergic modulation. These herbs also exhibit antioxidant and neuroprotective actions that enhance mental resilience and sleep quality. Thus, herbal remedies worldwide act as a...
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Posted by admin on Jun 30, 2026 in |
Introduction: Community acquired urinary tract infection is defined as urinary tract infection occurring in outpatient setting, or in < 48 hrs after hospitalization, with no recent past history of urological procedure or catheter insertion. However, in almost all cases of community acquired urinary tract infection, antibiotic therapy is prescribed empirically before urine culture. Further there is increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones, ampicillin, and cephalosporin in bacteria causing community acquired UTI. Clinicians should be aware of sensitivity pattern of organisms causing community to acquire UTI. Material and Method: This retrospective study was conducted from 1/5/2024 to 15/9/2024 after obtaining approval from IEC committee. Patients who visited outpatient department and diagnosed themselves as UTI are included in this study. Hospitalized patient (> 48 hrs. admission), patient with catheter associated infection, patients recently undergone urological procedure were excluded from the study Urine cultures were done in our laboratory according to standard techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using Kirby-Bauer’s disk diffusion method. Result: Out of 115 urine specimens, 80 samples were positive...
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