Posted by admin on Apr 1, 2014 in |
Patients experiencing adverse effects are less likely than those not experiencing it to adhere to treatment. However little is known about the adverse drug reactions to many HIV programme in developing countries, indicating the need for Antiretroviral (ART) safety surveillance. The study is a retrospective analysis of records of adverse reactions by patients initiated on ART. A total of 1870 patients initiated ART between February 2008 and May 2012. 1386 patients had clinical visits during the one year study period. A total of 95 (6.9%) reported 113 suspected Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs). The incidence rate of ADR in this study was 8/ 100 persons- year and skin rash (21.2%) was the most reported, followed by nausea/ vomiting (16.8%). Skin rash was associated with Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine combination OR= 5.35 (1.55- 20.24) and P value of 0.0045. Over 70% of reported ADRs occurred within 6 months after commencement of ARV. Gender was not associated with ADR occurrence OR= 1.09(0.7-1.69),P value= 0.77. ADRs were higher in Zidovudine/Lamivudine/Nevirapine combination. There is need for active...
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Posted by admin on Apr 1, 2014 in |
Aim: To determine the use of Complementary and Alternate Medicine (CAM) for health issues and health maintenance among the population of Kedah state, Malaysia. Method: A questionnaire based cross-sectional survey was conducted for a period of three months in Kedah state, Malaysia. The questionnaire was prepared in English and Bahasa Malaysia and distributed to the randomly selected participants according to the language known by them. Results: A total of 571 questionnaires were distributed out of which only 560 completed questionnaires were retrieved. Among the 560 participants, female were the most CAM users (54.46%). The age group among participants with more CAM usage was found to be 21-29 years (44.64%). According to the study, most respondents who use CAM were influenced from Malay (35.36%), Chinese (24.96%), and Indian culture (17.37%). The reasons for respondents to use CAM included to promote health (n=135), prevent illness (n=124) and treat illness (n=121). It was found that most respondents used biological products (33.14%) and alternative systems (22.26%) of which, herbal products were most popular...
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Posted by admin on Apr 1, 2014 in |
A Simple, rapid, sensitive, accurate and precise spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for selective determination of nalbuphine hydrochloride (NAL) in presence of its oxidative degradate in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical preparation. The proposed method is based on measuring the native fluorescence of NAL in acetonitrile at 337 nm after excitation at 285 nm. All variables that affect fluorescence intensity such as diluting solvents and pH were studied and optimized .The fluorescence–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range of 1-12 µg/ml with a lower detection limit (LOD) of 0.175 µg/ml and lower quantitation limit (LOQ) of 0.529 µg/ml. The proposed method can selectively analyse the drug in presence of up to 75% of its oxidative degradate with mean recovery of 101.37±0.72. The method was validated and successfully applied for the determination of NAL in its commercial preparation with an average percent recovery ± RSD% of 100.14 ± 0.89. The obtained results were statistically compared with those of the reported method by applying t-test and F-test at 95% confidence level...
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Posted by admin on Apr 1, 2014 in |
The methanolic leaf extract of Bacopa monnieri Linn. (Family: Scrophulariaceae) was evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity, and total tannins content in different in-vivo and in-vitro methods. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied using carrageenan and histamine-induced rat paw edema test at different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) of the methanol extract. At the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, the extract showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity both in the carrageenan and histamine-induced oedema test models in rats showing 62.73% and 61.99% reduction in the paw volume comparable (P<0.01) to that produced by the standard drug indomethacin (67.08% and 70.76%) at 5 h respectively. The percentage inhibition of the oedema paw volume by the 400 mg/kg body weight of the extract was also statistically significant (P<0.05; P<0.01) compared favorably with the indomethacin treated animals at 1, 2, 3 4 and 5 h in both models. The total tannins content was calculated high and significant in methanol extract (105.90 mg of tannic acid equivalent per g of dry extract). Acute...
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Posted by admin on Apr 1, 2014 in |
The effects of aqueous stem bark extract of Mangifera indica in Carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury were investigated. In vivo animal models using Wistar albino rats was used in this experimental study. Carbon tetrachloride was successfully induced by significantly (P<0.001) increasing serum parameters AST, ALT, and ALP and decreasing serum total proteins and albumin levels (P<0.05). Standard antioxidant drug vitamin C at a dose of 50mg/kg body weight significantly (P<0.05) decreases the elevation of serum enzymes and increases the serum total proteins and albumin levels near to the normal control. It was found that the stem bark extract of M. indica exhibit hepatoprotective properties, as apparently observed from changes in the biochemical parameters by decreasing the elevated serum enzymes AST, ALP, and ALP and increasing the serum total proteins and albumin levels. The results of our present findings suggest that stem bark extract of M. indica provide effective protection against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. It is therefore evident that M. indica can serve as a good source of effective antioxidant against...
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