Posted by admin on May 1, 2013 in |
Bioequivalence studies should be conducted for two products marketed by different licensees, containing same active ingredient(s), must be shown to be therapeutically equivalent to one another order to be considered interchangeable. The bioequivalence of two formulations of the same drug can be determined based on the absence of significant differences in primary pharmacokinetic properties of bioavailability, such as pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞. The pharmacokinetic parameters derived from the plasma concentration-time curve are subjected to ANOVA. So we need to check ANOVAs for all pharmacokinetic parameters. Instead of that we can use multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) as it contains ANOVA results and further give more information regarding significance. From the results we can see that we get the same values like ANOVA and additionally we get 4 different tests for significance. Wilk’s Lambda shows that 6.9%, 14.1% and 20% of the variance of the dependent variable (Cmax, Tmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞) is accounted for by the differences between drugs, phase and interaction respectively. Pillai’s Trace,...
Read More
Posted by admin on May 1, 2013 in |
Three simple, rapid, precise and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for simultaneous analysis of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate (CNT) and Rabeprazole Sodium (RAB) in their combined dosage form. Method A, Simultaneous equation method (Vierodt’s method) applies measurement of absorptivities at two wavelengths, 265.6 nm (λmax of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate) and 282.6 nm, (λmax of Rabeprazole Sodium) in zero order spectra. The concentrations can be calculated from the derived equations. Method B, Q-Absorbance equation method. It involves formation of Q-absorbance equation at 279.00 nm (isoabsorptive point) and 265.60 nm (λmax of Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate) in zero order spectra. Method C, Zero crossing first derivative spectrophotometry involves measurement of absorbance at 246.30 nm (for Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate) and 304.00 nm (for Rabeprazole Sodium) in first derivative spectra. Developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines. The calibration graph follows Beer’s law in the range of 4.0 to 20.0 μg/ml for Cinitapride Hydrogen Tartrate and 4.0 to 20.0 μg/ml for Rabeprazole Sodium in water as a solvent with R square value greater...
Read More
Posted by admin on May 1, 2013 in |
A selective, simple, accurate and reproducible spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of Glipizide in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation. Glipizide is a second generation sulfonylurea which lowers blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus type II. The drug obeyed the Beer’s law and showed good correlation. It showed absorption maxima at 276 nm in 0.1N NaOH. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy and precision in accordance with the requirements of ICH guidelines. The linearity was observed between 10-30μg/ml having line equation Y=0.0283X – 0.0248 with correlation coefficient of 0.999.The limit of quantification and limit of detection were found to be 1.643 and 0.542ug/ml respectively. Moreover, the proposed analytical method is thus potentially useful for a routine laboratory because of its simplicity, rapidity, precision and...
Read More
Posted by admin on May 1, 2013 in |
Oceans and its ecosystem comprise an untapped source for many potential drugs. Marine sponges which inhabit mainly in the saline ocean water are considered as one of the oldest form of life. Due to intense concentration of various sponge species and other organisms co- existing in limited extent marine habitats, necessarily makes them highly competitive and complex. Hence most of the sponge species has evolved chemical means to defend against predation. Such chemical adaptations regarded as ‘secondary metabolites’ possess broad-spectrum of biological activity including anti-cancerous agents. In a clinical perspective, cancer still remains as a serious and fatal disease. The various sponge derived bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, diketopiperazine, terpenes, trichoverroids, terpenoids, glycolipids, quinones, prodigiosin derivative, fatty acids and peptides plays remarkable role anti- cancerous activity. Most excitingly some of those compounds are under clinical trial. This review highlights the anti- cancerous activity of marine sponges with special emphasis on various chemical categories, pharmacological products derived from marine sponges and its symbionts as well as the various sponge derived...
Read More
Posted by admin on May 1, 2013 in |
This study was subjected to investigate antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of Borassus flabellifer Linn, expressed as BFA and BFP respectively. DPPH free radical scavenging method, total flavonoid, total phenol, total antioxidants and reducing power of the two extracts were assessed for antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity potentials were assessed by the brine shrimp lethality test. In DPPH test the lowest IC50 value was 32.59 mg/ml for BFA and highest was 1388.46 mg/ml for BFP and compared with standard ascorbic acid. In cytotoxicity test LC50 value was found 32.36 μg/ml for BFA and 616.59 μg/mlfor BFP. So alcohol extract is more potent than petroleum ether extract. The total Flavonoid contents of the test samples were 3.57 ± 1.26 and 17.41±1.89 mg/g quercetin equivalents for BFA and BFP respectively. The total phenol contents of the test samples were 707.08 ± 8.84 and 28.75 ± 6.48 mg/g galic acid equivalents for BFA and BFP respectively and also in total antioxidant assay BFA contains 0.68 ± 0.17 and...
Read More
