Posted by admin on Sep 1, 2012 in |
To meet healthcare demands and costs, Tanzania depends largely on imports and financial aid from foreign countries. Current research analyses the impact of market competition on the cost and availability of medicine in Tanzania. Product approvals granted by Tanzanian drug regulatory authority were analyzed on the basis of exporting countries, molecules and therapeutic categories. The market competition among various countries was analyzed using UN trade statistics database ‘Comtrade’. Our analysis revealed that India offers large number of competing vendors per molecule and has the highest average share in the product approvals granted in all major therapeutic categories. The analysis also reveals that most of the currently used second line therapy molecules that are essential for Tanzania are protected by patents and the country needs to consider utilization of TRIPS flexibilities to improve accessibility and affordability of...
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Posted by admin on Sep 1, 2012 in |
A simple and accurate normal phase liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of chiral purity of (R)-3-((1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) methyl)-5-(methylsulfonylmethyl)-1H-indole, R-isomer used as key starting raw material in the manufacturing of Elitriptan hydrobromide bulk drug. Chromatographic separation between (R)-3-((1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) methyl)-5-(methylsulfonylmethyl)-1H-indole and its opposite isomer (S)-3-((1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) methyl)-5-(methylsulfonylmethyl)-1H-indole, S -isomer was achieved using a Chiralpak IA column using a mobile phase containing n-hexane, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol and trifluoro acetic acid (98:1.5:0.5:0.1 v/v/v/v). The resolution between the two isomers was found to be more than 2.0. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the S – isomer was 0.15 and 0.5 μg mL-1, respectively, for 10 μL injection volume. The percentage recoveries of the S-isomer ranged from 96.5 to 105.3 in the samples of (R)-3-((1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) methyl)-5-(methylsulfonylmethyl)-1H-indole. The test solution and mobile phase was observed to be stable up to 24 h after the preparation. The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines in terms of LOD, LOQ, precision, linearity, accuracy, robustness and...
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Posted by admin on Sep 1, 2012 in |
A simple, specific, accurate and precise reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of Amlodipine Besyltate and Indapamide in tablet dosage form by reversed phase C18 column (Phenomenex C18, 5μ, 250 mm x 4.6 mm). The sample was analysed using Methanol: Water in the ratio of 95:5 as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and detection at 238 nm. Calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficient (r2) 0.996 over a concentration range of 2-16 µg/mL for Amlodipine besylate and 0.997 over a concentration range of 1-7 µg/mL for Indapamide. The retention time for Amlodipine besylate and Indapamide was found to be 8.722 and 2.855 min respectively. The mean recoveries were found to be 99.98 ± 1.40 and 100.37 ± 1.25 %. for Amlodipine besylate and Indapamide respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was found to be <2.0 % for both drugs. The proposed method was validated and successfully applied to the estimation of Amlodipine besylate and Indapamide in...
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Posted by admin on Sep 1, 2012 in |
Background: Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) is in flora of Asian medicinal herbs and used traditionally in West of Burkina Faso for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, fever, pain and possesses analgesic properties. The aim of the study was to access the biological activities of extract (acetone/water extract) and alkaloid extracts from Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) in the carrageenan-induced paw edema and croton oil-induced ear edema on the one hand, evaluate their analgesic capacity in Swiss mice and on the other, with an aim to provide a scientific basis for the traditional use of this plants to the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Method: In acute toxicity test, mice received doses of extract (acetone/water extract) from Sida rhombifolia L., extract by intraperitoneal route and LD50 was determined in Swiss mice. However,in anti-inflammatory activity, the carrageenan-induced paw edema and oil croton-induced ear edema in Swiss mice. As for analgesic effects, acetic acid writhing and hot plate methods were used in mice. Results:About preliminary study in acute toxicity test, we obtained LD50 value...
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Posted by admin on Sep 1, 2012 in |
The acute and subchronic toxicities of Nigerian polyherbal antidiabetic remedy, prepared from Gongrenema latifolium and Allium cepa (1:1) leaves was investigated in Swiss albino mice and rats of both sexes. For acute toxicity study, 1000-5000mg/kg of the combined extract were administered orally to rats and observed for 24 hours for obvious toxic symptoms and mortality. The median lethal dose of the combined extract (LD50) was estimated. In subchronic study, 1000-4000mg/kg of the combined extracts were orally administered daily for 90 days. Weight changes and selected biochemical and hematological parameters were determined periodically. At the end of the experiment, the liver tissues were harvested for histopathological examination. The estimated LD50 of the combined extracts was above 5000mg/kg. There was no sign of weakness, anorexia and no significant reduction in body weight. There were non- significant (p>0.05) effects on hemoglobin concentration and PCV. There were transient significant (p<0.05) increases in ALT and AST. Liver cells photomicrographs at the 91st day showed slight changes in histo-architecture of the hepatocytes at 4000mg/kg. These...
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