Posted by admin on Mar 1, 2012 in |
Purpose: Placebo effect is a phenomenon where the patient’s symptoms can be relieved by a false treatment in pharmacological aspects, most likely because of the patient expectations or believes that the treatment will have success. So, it is a psychological response to the treatment, without being accompanied by the improvement of physical condition. Placebo is often defined as: “Substance or procedure that objectively has no activity (effect) to the state that is treated2”, but although inert substance has resulted on the improvement of the patient. In fact, we are dealing with a general term of a many different effects that cause people to re-interpret the disease and its symptoms. Curiosity of our study lies on the justification of high level spray usage as a pharmaceutical form to reduce the pain or muscular fatigue. We did it by using a spray that actually has no active pharmacological substance (neither analgesic nor muscular relaxation) while the voluntary tested people didn’t knew about it. Methods: A total of 50 individuals were subjected...
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Posted by admin on Mar 1, 2012 in |
Background: The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz is recommended as part of first-line therapy in HIV-infected patients and prescribed at a standard dose of 600 mg once daily. EFV is extensively metabolized primarily by hepatic CYP2B6 with partial involvement of CYP3A4 and CYP2A6. The aim of the study was to assess CYP 2B6 G516T polymorphism and their impact in efavirenz based therapy Methods: A computerized literature search was conducted using the Medline, PubMed, and High wire. Statistical analysis was conducted using comprehensive Meta analysis version 2 software. Result: From fifty four articles only twenty two articles were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. The average frequency of CYP 2B6 G516T polymorphism, from forest plot of 7 studies, was around 30% which strengthened the idea of substantial number of this polymorphism. Most of the studies had high proportion of mutant allele and the average of the all is around 49%. The mean plasma efavirenz concentration among 516GG, 516 GT and 516 TT holders was 2.869 ± 0.294...
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Posted by admin on Mar 1, 2012 in |
Objective of the present study was to prepare and evaluate floating Microspheres using different ratio of ethylcellulose to control the release rate of 5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) which was taken as a model drug. The microspheres were prepared by the modified emulsion solvent diffusion technique using different ratio of ethanol (ETN) and acetone (ACTN) as solvent system. To study the morphology of microspheres optical and scanning electron microscopy was used. The maximum yield of microspheres was up to 84.85±3.97%. Microspheres showed passable flow properties. On the basis of results of optical microscopy particle size range was found to be ranging from 130.90±12.10 to 175.43±12.32 mm. SEM photographs confirmed their spherical size, perforated smooth surface and a hollow cavity in them. Microspheres exhibited floating properties for more than 10 hours. In vitro drug release studies were performed in 0.1N HCl with 0.1 % SLS. Different drug release kinetics models were applied for selected...
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Posted by admin on Mar 1, 2012 in |
The objective of the study was to formulate controlled release matrix tablets of losartan Potassium by using a combination of hydrophilic synthetic polymer like poly (ethylene oxides) and natural gums like xanthan gum, karaya gum and guar gum. A combination of synthetic hydrophobic polymers like methacrylates with synthetic hydrophilic polymer like poly (ethylene oxide) was also used in the preparation of matrix tablets and evaluated for their influence on controlled drug release. The matrix tablets were prepared by direct compression process and evaluated for hardness, weight variation, friability, swelling index and for in-vitro release of the drug. Preliminary evaluations showed that matrix tablets containing xanthan gum, guar gum and sodium alginate alone or in combination could not efficiently retard the drug release for prolonged period of time. The tablets containing combination of natural polymers and poly(ethylene oxides) and also methacrylates and poly(ethylene oxides) exhibited controlled release for a prolonged period of time. All the physical characteristics evaluated for the tablets were found to be within the acceptable...
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Posted by admin on Mar 1, 2012 in |
The synthesis of benzimidazoles derivative involves subsequent synthesis of 4-(2-chloro-ethoxy)-benzaldehyde, 4 methyl benzaldehyde followed by benzimidazoles derivative by reaction between amines derivatives and o-phenylenediamine in dimethyl farmamide (DMF) as solvent in the presence of iodine as a catalyst. Iodine is a commercial and environmentally benign catalyst. The yield of all benzimidazole derivatives was found to be in the range of 75 – 94%. The purity of the compounds was ascertained by melting point and TLC. The synthesized compounds were characterized by using IR,1H NMR, and MASS spectral data together with elemental analysis. The synthesized benzimidazole compounds were screened for analgesic and anticonvulsant activity in albino rat (100-200gm) by using Writhing test and maximal electroshock (MES). Out of all compound studied only PS-3, PS-4, PS-5 and PS-6 showed significant analgesic activities and response against MES...
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